Lessen 4 Generations and Standards Mobile Radio Communication Seminar Lessen 4 Outline History of Wireless Communications •Trends, Radio spectrum Basic Definitions and Common Terminology (專門術語) •Wireless, Mobile, Cellular, PCS, WLL Generations and Standards •Analog (1st. Gen), Digital (2nd Gen.), Wideband (3rd. Gen.) Illustrate major radio systems around world Make a comparison of common mobile radio system Show trends in cellular radio and personal communication Lesson 4 - Generations and Standards 1 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin Page 1 Mobile Radio Communication Seminar Lesson 1 History of Cellular Communications The days before radio..... • 1680 Newton first suggested concept of spectrum, but for visible light only N S • 1831 Faraday demonstrated that light, electricity, and magnetism U are related • 1864 Maxwell developed LF HF VHF UHF MW IR UV XRAY electromagnetic theory: spectrum includes more than light • 1890 First successful demos of radio transmission Lesson 4 - Generations and Standards 2 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin Mobile Radio Communication Seminar Lesson 1 History of Cellular Communications Less than 100 years of Radio... • 1914 Radio first used for practical communication in WWI (War I) • 1920 First radio broadcasting • 1940 Radar first used in WWII(War II) • 1950 First commercial television MTS, IMTS • 1960 First mobile telephony Lesson 4 - Generations and Standards 3 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin Page 2 Mobile Radio Communication Seminar Progress in Radio Communications Radio Communication Systems HFAmateur VHFLand Mobile Mobile Telephony30-50MHz Marine 150MHz Military Microwave Microwave 450MHz RADAR Point-to-Point Satellite 800MHz 1900MHz AM Bcst1MHz FM Bcst100MHz VHF-TV Bcst UHF-TV Bcst Modulation CW AM FSK FM PM PSK QAM DQPSK GMSK Devices Spark Vacuum Discrete MSI VLSI, Tubes Transistors LSI ASICS 1920 1930 1940 1950 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 Time Lesson 4 - Generations and Standards 4 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin Mobile Radio Communication Seminar Overview of the Radio Spectrum AM LORAN Marine 0.3 0.4 0.5 0/6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 3.0 MHz Short Wave -- International Broadcast -- Amateur CB 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 MHz VHF LOW Band FM VHF VHF TV 7-13 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 240 300 MHz Cellular DCS, PCS UHF UHF TV 14-69 GPS 0.3 0.4 0.5 0/6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 3.0 GHz 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 GHz Broadcasting Land-Mobile Aeronautical Mobile Telephony Terrestrial Microwave Satellite Lesson 4 - Generations and Standards 5 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin Page 3 Mobile Radio Communication Seminar Evolution of Public Mobile Telephony Standards Evolution MTS150MHz IMTS150MHz AMPS800MHz PCS1900MHz 450MHz GSM N_AMPS CDMA D-AMPS AMPS, etc Technology Evolution CDMA ESMR800MHz Analog AM, FM Digital Modulation Access Strategies DQPSK FDMA GMSK TDMA CDMA Vacuum Tubes Discrete Transistors MSI LSI VLSI, ASICs System Capacity Evolution - Users Dozens Hundreds 100,000 1,000,000 1960 1990 AMPS = Advanced Mobile Phone System PCS-1900 = Personal Communication Systems N_AMPS = Narrowband AMPS (Motorola) FDMA = Frequency Division Multiple Access D-AMPS = Digital AMPS (IS-54 TDMA) TDMA = Time Division Multiple Access ESMR = Enhanced Specialized Mobile Radio CDMA = Code Division Multiple Access Lesson 4 - Generations and Standards 6 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin Mobile Radio Communication Seminar History of wireless Com. (Mid1900s) 1946: First commercial mobile telephone system in the US •FCC allocated 3 channels in the 150MHz range in St.Louis for the public. One year later, the NY-to-Boston corridor was covered.These were all manual systems, requiring operator assistance. 1947: concept of “Cells”developed by AT&T •By dividing an area into small cell,a concept called “frequency reuse”could be employed to increase capacity 1954: US Navy first used the moon as a satellite •The moon was used as a passive reflector to bounce a signal-For a few years later,the moon was used for a communication |ink between Washington D.C.and Hawaii (when available!) 1957: Russia launched the first active Satellite, Sputnik l Lesson 4 - Generations and Standards 7 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin Page 4 Mobile Radio Communication Seminar History of wireless Com. (Analog Cellular) 1971: AT&T propose “High Capacity Mobile Phone Service”to the FCC •Outlining feasibility of “cellular radio',.The service was later named the “Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)and development licenses were granted in the mid-70,s. 1981: Nordic Mobile Telephone(NMT) launched in Scandinavia •First commercial analog cellular mobile system in the world.First used spectrum in the 450MHz range,later up-banded to 900MHz range. 1983: Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)launched in Chicago by AT&T •After years of development and licensing resolution,the first cellular system in the U.S.was launched on October 13th1983. 1985: Total Access communications System (TACS)launched in the United Kingdom Lesson 4 - Generations and Standards 8 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin Mobile Radio Communication Seminar History of wireless Com. (Digital) 1992: Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) launched in Europe •First commercial digital cellular mobile system 1992: AMPS networks first upgraded to lS-54 TDMA in U.S. 1995: First PCS network launched in U.S. •APC (now a Voice stream network) in Washington D.C.using GSM 1996: lS-95CDMA launched in U.S. 1998: lTU receive 10 proposals for a terrestrial 3rd Generation wireless cellular standard •Most using some type of wideband CDMA or wideband TDMA 1999: ITU selects 5 technologies in November for lMT-2000 2001: NTT DocoMo aiming for initial launch of W-CDMA(Oct.) Lesson 4 - Generations and Standards 9 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin Page 5 Mobile Radio Communication Seminar AMPS Cellular Spectrum Uplink and Downlink Bands Downlink Uplink Paired Bands 824 835 845 849 Frequency, MHz 870 880 890 894 825 846.5 869 891.5 Uplink (Reverse Path) Downlink (Dorward Path) Cellular telephony provides Full-duplex communications •two-way simultaneous conversation requires simultaneous transmission in both directions •25 MHz. band of frequencies used for mobile transmission (Uplink) •25 MHz. band of frequencies used for cell site transmission (Downlink) Cellular bands divided equally between two competing operators •A (Non-wireline) operator •B(Wireline) operator (in USA, originally only Telcos were eligible) Lesson 4 - Generations and Standards 10 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin Mobile Radio Communication Seminar The Resource: AMPS Spectrum Frequencies and Channel Numbers Paired Bands 824 835 845 849 Frequency, MHz 870 880 890 894 825 846.5 869 891.5 Uplink (Reverse Path) Downlink (Forward Path) A A (non-Wireline) B (Wireline) A B 991- 1 333 334 666 716 799 1023 Channel Numbers An operator authorized frequency block contains 416 channels In a frequency plan, we assign specific channels to specific cells, following a reuse pattern which restarts with each Nth cell Uplink and downlink bands are paired mirror images •A channel includes one uplink and one downlink frequency Lesson 4 - Generations and Standards 11 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin Page 6 Mobile Radio Communication Seminar Mobile Radio System Types Paging systems: simplex •numeric, alphanumeric, voice Cordless: full duplex Cellular Telephone systems Cordlss systems Paging systems Cellular systems Lesson 4 - Generations and Standards 12 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin Mobile Radio Communication Seminar Basic Definitions and Common Terminology Wireless versus Mobile •Both terms tend to be used interchangeably,but are not the same •LMDS and microwave are wireless, but not mobile (Fixed wireless) •Cellular/PCS phones and satellites are wireless and mobile Degrees of Mobility •Cordless phones have low mobility, Cellular have higher mobility Cellular •The term “cellular”describes a wireless infrastructure,geographical|y deployed as a collection of “cells", in a honeycomb structure •“Cellular”often implies the 850-900MHz •personal mobile service, as oppose to higher band services such as PCS. More dearly referred to as “Cellular Band', Lesson 4 - Generations and Standards 13 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin Page 7 Mobile Radio Communication Seminar Mobile Radio Systems around World Major mobile radio standards •North America, Europe and Japan Common types •Paging, Coreless, Cellular, and Personal communication (PCS) Multiple Access •FDMA, TDMA, Simplex, CDMA Modulation techniques •Paging FSK, 4-FSK •Coreless, Cellular, and personal FM, /4 DQPSK, QPSK, BPSK, GMSK, QPSK, BPSK, FSK, QAM Frequency band •Cellular 900 MHz •PCS , Coreless 1900 MHz Lesson 4 - Generations and Standards 14 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin Mobile Radio Communication Seminar Mobile Radio Systems Lesson 4 - Generations and Standards 15 Dr. Sheng-Chou Lin Page 8 Mobile Radio Communication Seminar Trends in Cellular and PCS PCS (Personal Communication Services),1989 •Combine the network intelligence of PSTN with DSP and RF technique •Originated in UK, when 3 companies were given 1800 MHz to develop PCN throughout Great Britain •New wireless systems are more personalized than existing cellular •do not embody all of the concepts of an ideal PCN •Cellular and PCS are identical in functionality and differ only in frequency band PCN (Personal Communication Networks) •no matter where they are, using a light-weight, personalized communicator Indoor wireless networking •IEEE 802.1 wireless access between computers inside buildings •HIPER-LAN: European Telecom. Standard Institute (ETSI) •18GHz Altair WIN (wireless inform. Network) modem: Motorola •waveLAN computer modem: