THE UNIVERSITY OF KOLOZSVÁR/CLUJ AND THE STUDENTS OF THE MEDICAL FACULTY (1872-1918) THE UNIVERSITY OF KOLOZSVÁR/CLUJ AND THE STUDENTS OF THE MEDICAL FACULTY (1872-1918) By Victor Karady and Lucian Nastasã CENTRAL ETHNOCULTURAL EUROPEAN DiVERSITY UNIVERSITY RESOURCE CENTER BUDAPEST/CLUJ, 2004 Victor Karady, Lucian Nastasã THE UNIVERSITY OF KOLOZSVÁR/CLUJ AND THE STUDENTS OF THE MEDICAL FACULTY (1872-1918) Budapest/Cluj-Napoca Central European University Ethnocultural Diversity Resource Center 394 p.; 16x23,5 cm ISBN: 973-86239-3-6 I. Karady, Victor II. Nastasã, Lucian 323.1(498) 949 © CENTRAL EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY ETHNOCULTURAL DIVERSITY RESOURCE CENTER Budapest/Cluj-Napoca, 2004 Proofreading by Mária Kovács Index by Gyula Szabó D. Layout by Gyula Szabó D. Cover and series design by Elemér Könczey CONTENTS FOREWORD .....................................................................................................7 Part I. UNIVERSITY EDUCATION AND CULTURE IN KOLOZSVÁR/CLUJ Historical precedents and preliminaries.................................................15 Towards the foundation of the modern Transylvanian University........21 The beginnings of the new University....................................................29 Kolozsvár/Cluj as a mature academic centre of the late Dualist Period .......................................................................37 Part II. MEDICAL HIGHER EDUCATION IN KOLOZSVÁR/CLUJ The beginnings of medical instruction ...................................................49 Medicine at the Franz Josef University................................................52 Epilogue of the Hungarian Medical School............................................68 Part III. SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL PROFILE OF THE STUDENT BODY AT THE MEDICAL FACULTY (1872-1918) Social and eductional profile of the student body at the medical faculty (1872-1918) .......................................................71 The medics from Kolozsvár/Cluj and the training of doctors in Hungary............................................................................73 The logic of recruitment differentials ....................................................83 Patterns of ethnic and confessional recruitment ...................................91 Paradigms of regional selection: place of birth, residence, locality of Matura-granting schools ...................................................................99 Circumstances of secondary studies (educational selection) ............109 Social structure and social selection ...................................................125 Tuition and the conditions of study......................................................135 Part IV. STUDENT POPULATION Listing of students at the Faculty of Medicine (1872-1918).................151 ILLUSTRATIONS..........................................................................................369 INDEX OF PERSONS NAMES....................................................................389 INDEX OF PLACE NAMES ..........................................................................392 FOREWORD With this volume the authors initiate a hopefully large set of publica- tions intended to contribute to the acceleration of a rather new development in the study of modern and modernising elite groups in the Carpathian Basin during the long nineteenth century. This was, as it is well known, the period of nation building in East Central Europe, where various national projects elaborated by regionally based elite groups, endowed with historically accumulated but very unequal political, economic, intellectual and symbolic assets, converged or collided in the Magyar nation state emerging after the 1867 Compromise with Austria. The study of these elite groups appears to be crucial for the understanding of all major social processes leading to the 1919 disruption, including such differ- ent ones as industrialisation, urbanisation, the creation of parliamentary statehood and contemporary patterns of political mobilisation, the establish- ment of the intellectual infrastructure of modern societies (the press, the school network, agencies of cultural production), the evolution of ethnic power relations (as expressed in national antagonism, antisemitism, assimi- lation), new models of class identity together with their expressions and con- flicts (for example, embourgeoisement versus gentrification), modern demo- graphic structures, etc. In one way or another elites were responsible for the invention, the realisation or the imposition of often contrasted or even antag- onistic patterns of modernity in this part of Europe, explicable only via their recruitment (by ethnicity, religion, properties, noble or plebeian birth), inher- ited social capital, aggregate interests, strategies of self-assertion, represen- tations of collective future as well as the utopias and salvation ideologies they adopted (whether liberal, socialist, free masonic or other) or the claims they extended for leadership in imagined communities. Hitherto the study of elites remained largely fragmented by fields of activities (the economy, politics, administration, academe, literature, the arts, etc). In the last decades West European social history has produced some precious research on top elite segments and even larger, institutional- ly defined elite clusters like alumni of outstandingly prestigious educa- tional institutions. This scholarly orientation draws heavily on historical sta- tistics, occasionally produced by national statistical agencies, and local prosopographies, listing members of selected institutions. Recently the tech- nological revolution of computer science has opened new vistas in elite studies. A number of biographical data banks have been published on what 7 The University of Kolozsvár/Cluj and the Students of the Medical Faculty may be qualified as reputational elites men of some fame or in charge of public functions of high visibility in the given society. The computerisation of serialised biographical information permits the massive, possibly exhaus- tive treatment of data pertaining to members of elite groups regardless of their size which was hitherto practically unfeasible , on the sole condi- tion that they are fed into an appropriate programme of data processing. Our present study is an attempt to promote the renewal of social studies of elites in our region by the presentation in both published and comput- erised form (on CD rom) of all the biographical information accessible in local archival sources related to students of the Medical Faculty of the Hungarian University in Kolozsvár/Cluj (1872-1918). This volume will be shortly fol- lowed by two other ones dedicated to the Faculty of Law and to the Faculties of Letters (Arts) and Sciences of the same University, since the prosopo- graphic research for these volumes is close to completion. Subsequently, a special volume is envisaged for pharmaceutical students in Kolozsvár/Cluj. These publications will cover some 20% to 30% of those having pursued higher studies in the Carpathian Basin during the epoch of the Dual Monarchy. Up to now only students born or residing in Hungary and enrolled in foreign universities have received similar treatment. The combi- nation of these two types of major prosopographic collections will add up to maybe as much as 40% to 50% of higher graduates and affiliated clusters (without graduation proper) in pre-1919 Hungary. The importance of this work is enhanced by the fact that most of the archival material pertaining to students of the University of Budapest, the first institution of this kind in the Carpathian Basin, have been destroyed with a few exceptions: lists of students and of graduates of some Budapest Faculties have survived, as well as archival evidence of the social back- ground and educational career of some specific student clusters. The senior author of this study has collected a large amount of biographical information prepared for a later publication of students admitted to as well as appli- cants refused at, the Eötvös Kollégium in Budapest (1895-1949), members of two major Catholic teaching congregations in the period 1880-1947 (the Piarists and the Benedictines), as well as several samples of graduates of the four inter-war universities in Hungary. The junior author has gathered biog- raphical information concerning the education, higher studies abroad and home, academic career, marriage strategies, etc of university professors in Transylvania in the inter-war years in a comparative perspective as to the integration of the region into the Romanian academic market. We are planning the ultimate merger of all these prosopographic data banks on upcoming educated elites in the Carpathian Basin, in a first instance up to the collapse of the Dual Monarchy. With this an overall basis can be provided for elite studies during the long 19th century in the region, whereby each graduate and presumably the great majority of students of any sorts will be identified and characterised thanks to an obviously variably 8 Foreword rich collection of personal data. Ideally, the final outcome of this work will result in a unique data collection which can be heuristically rewarding to confront with reputational lists (like entries in computerised national ency- clopaedias or biographical dictionaries), other computerised registers relat- ed to specific elite segments (like free-masons, those having Magyarised their surnames) or individuals with certified creativity, achievement or public competence