OPTIMAL ALLOCATION OF STORMWATER POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES IN A WATERSHED DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University by We-Bin Chen, M.A., B.S. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2006 Dissertation Committee: Approved by: Prof. Steven I. Gordon, Co-Adviser Co-Adviser Prof. Jean-Michel Guldmann, Co-Adviser Prof. Maria Manta Conroy Co-Adviser Graduate Program in City and Regional Planning ABSTRACT In recent decades, more than 90 percent of urban growth in the United States has taken place in the suburbs. The phenomenon, referred to as urban sprawl, has led to long-term degradation of environmental quality. Best Management Practices (BMPs) serve as novel effective technologies to reduce the movement of pollutants from land into surface or ground waters, in order to achieve water quality protection within natural and economic limitations. Four types of BMPs are discussed in this study—Pond, Wetland, Infiltration, and Filtering Systems. Each has different installation requirements, costs, and pollutant removal efficiency. The purpose of this research is to find out the minimum-cost combinations of these four technologies, with a focus on total suspended sediments (TSS), in order to achieve TMDL (Total Maximum Daily Loads) and EQS (Environmental Quality) standards. The methodology uses three major models: Spatial Model, Watershed Model, and Economic Model. These models provide suitability analyses for potential residential developments and BMP technology installations, stormwater and pollutant simulations, and minimum cost optimization procedure. ii The results of this research will provide a practical reference for decision making about the balance between the urban development and environment protection. It can further provide EPA with economic assessment information regarding existing TMDL and EQS standards. iii Dedicated to my parents iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Most of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Drs. Steven I. Gordon and Jean-Michel Guldmann for their intellectual support, encouragement, and enthusiasm wich made this dissertation possible, and for their patience in correcting and editing. Their broad knowledge and keen intuition have wisely guided my work. I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr. Maria Manta Conroy, committee member, for guidance and thoughtful suggestions on this dissertation. I also thank the faculty members of City and Regional Planning at OSU, the administrative and technical staffs, and fellow students for support and encouragement. They made my life joyful and meaningful at OSU. I am also grateful for the prayers and love from my friends at Tzu Chi Foundation, Columbus Service Center. I dedicate this research to my parents and brother for their love, care, and always having faith in me. I am in debt to my family and deeply thank them for love, encouragement, and sacrifice. Special thanks to Dr. Yu-Ting Huang, I-Chuan Wu, Pei-Fen Jung, Chiungtzu Hou, Dr. Bornain Chiu, Shu-Yun Lin, Fang-Wen Huang, Jin-Hui Kuo, Shen-Wu Jiang, Dr. Yi-Fei Chu, Carolyn Kan, Dr. Yi-Wen Huang, Dr. Li-Shu Wang, Chieh-Ti Kuo, the LP family and all my wonderful friends for their precious friendship, concern, and encouragement throughtout my doctoral study. v VITA March 21, 1967 Born—Taoyuan, Taiwan 1989 Intern, Ruiming Engineering Consultant Co., Taichung, Taiwan 1990 B.S., Urban Planning, Fengchia University 1990 Planner, Urban and Regional Development Center, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan 1992 M.A., Graduate Institute of Urban Planning, National Chunghsin University, Taichung, Taiwan 1992-1994 Second Lieutenant (Planner), Office of the Deputy Chief Staff for Logistics, Army 1994-1996 Associate Researcher, Graduate Institute of Land Economics, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan 1997-2004 Graduate Research/Teaching Associate, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH PUBLICATIONS Liu, SL and WB Chen, 1999. The Emergy Analysis on Taiwan Agricultural Land Use. City and Planning. 26 (1): 41-54. (Chinese) vi Liu, SL and WB Chen, 1996. A Study of Urban Development: A Case Study of Taichung City. City and Planning. 23 (1): 55-74. (Chinese) Chen, WB and SL Liu, 1995. A Study of Urban Configuration under Speculation. First Sino-Japanese Symposium on Applications of Management Sciences. Huang, SL, SC Wu, and WB Chen, 1995. Ecosystem, Environmental Quality and Ecotechnology in the Taipei Metropolitan Region, Journal of Ecological Engineering 4: 233-248. Huang, SL, SC Wu and WB Chen, 1994. Applied Ecological Engineering Approach for Assessing Environmental Quality of the Urban Ecological-Economic System. City and Planning. 21 (2): 215-232. (Chinese) Huang, SL., SC Wu, and WB Chen, 1993, Ecological Economic System and the Environmental Quality of the Taipei Metropolitan Region. Conference on Environmental Quality Evaluation Systems for Metropolitan Areas, pp. 1-1--1-10. National Science Council, Taipei, Taiwan. (Chinese) FIELD OF STUDY Major Field: City and Regional Planning Environmental Planning, Computer Simulation, Geographic Information Systems, Remote Sensing Optimization and Location Analysis, Quantitative Methods Environmental Economics, Ecological Economics vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. ii DEDICATION ..............................................................................................................iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...........................................................................................v VITA.............................................................................................................................vi LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................xv LIST OF FIGURES .....................................................................................................xx CHAPTERS: 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................1 2. LITERATURE REVIEW......................................................................................5 2.1 THE NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION PROBLEM.......................................5 2.2 HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES...........................................................................9 2.3 WATERSHED MODELING .................................................................................13 2.4 BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES .................................................................19 2.4.1 Pond Systems................................................................................................21 viii 2.4.2 Wetland Systems...........................................................................................21 2.4.3 Infiltration Systems.......................................................................................23 2.4.4 Filtering Systems ..........................................................................................25 2.5 WATER QUALITY STANDARDS.......................................................................27 2.5.1 Environmental Quality Standard ..................................................................27 2.5.2 TMDL Standard............................................................................................28 2.6 INTEGRATED SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION APPROACHES............31 3. MODELING METHODOLOGY.......................................................................34 3.1 GENERAL MODELING APPROACH ................................................................34 3.1.1 Overview of the Spatial Model.....................................................................35 3.1.2 Overview of the Watershed Model ...............................................................36 3.1.3Overview of the Economic Model37 3.2 SPATIAL MODEL.................................................................................................37 3.2.1 Overview Of Suitability Analysis.................................................................38 3.2.2 Residential Suitability Analysis Model ........................................................41 3.2.3 BMP Suitability Analysis Model..................................................................46 3.3 WATERSHED MODEL ........................................................................................48 3.4 ECONOMIC MODEL...........................................................................................52 3.4.1 Model Objective ...........................................................................................54 3.4.2 Model Constraints.........................................................................................55 3.4.2.1 BMP C ...............................................................................................55 3.4.2.2 BMP Pollutant Removal Efficiency...................................................55 ix 3.4.2.3 Net Pollutant Loading after BMP Treatment.....................................56 3.4.2.4 Pollutant Transportation Rate ............................................................57 3.4.2.5 The Installation Area of a BMP .........................................................57 3.4.2.6 BMP Selection Constraints................................................................59 3.4.2.7 Water Quality Standard Constraints...................................................61 3.5 SUMMARY...........................................................................................................62