Isaac Newton Academy Revision Booklet- Exam 1 Component 01: Physical factors affecting performance 1.1 Applied anatomy and physiology 1.2 Physical training. Functions of the skeleton Location of Major Bones Bone stores crucial nutrients, minerals, and lipids and produces blood cells that nourish the body and play a vital role in protecting the body against infection. Bones have many functions, including the following: Support: Bones provide a framework for the attachment of muscles and other tissues. Bone Location Arm - humerus, radius and ulna. Hand - Carpals, Metacarpals and Phalanges. Sternum and Ribs. Femur – the thigh bone. Patella – the knee cap. Tibia – the shin bone, the larger of the two leg bones located below the knee cap. Fibula – the smaller of the two leg bones located below the knee cap. The OCR Spec expects us to know the following regarding synovial joints: The definition of a synovial joint, Articulating bones of the knee and elbow hinge joints and also the articulating bones of the shoulder and hip Ball and socket joints Hinge Joint- A hinge joint is found at the knee and the elbow, Synovial Joint- This is a freely moveable joint in thich the bones’ surfaces are covered Articulating bones of the elbow by cartilage and connected by joint are the Humerus radius fibrous connective tissue and Ulna . Articulating bones of capsule lines with synovial the knee are the Femur and fluid Tibia. Ball and socket joint- Allows a wide range of movement, they can be Articulating bones- These found at the hip and shoulder. are bones that move within a joint Articulating bones of the shoulder are Humerus and Scapula. Articulating bones of the hip are the Pelvis and the Femur. Hinge joints are formed between What is a hinge joint? two or more bones where the bones can only move along one axis, which A hinge joint is a common class allows the movement of flexion or of synovial joint that includes extension. the ankle, elbow, and knee joints. Flexion: An example of a hinge joint in a physical activity is using the elbow joint in bicep curls or using Extension: At the knee, a basketball the knee joint when sprinting. player drives up to the basket from bent legs to straight, extension occurs at the knee joint. At the elbow, when making a basketball set shot the bent arm straightens as you release the ball, creating extension at the elbow joint. What is a Ball and socket joint? They allow movement in almost every A ball and socket joint is also a direction, Including flexion, extension, synovial joint that is found in the abduction, adduction and rotation which is also known as circumduction. A ball and hip and the shoulder. socket joint is made up of a round end of one bone that fits into a small cup-like area of another bone. Extension: When a rugby player Flexion: Lifting the arms out of the extends the hip in preparation for water during a backstroke in kicking through the ball, to get swimming. maximum power. Adduction: A rugby player tackling another player will hold on to the Abduction: A gymnast with his/her player by adducting her/his arms as leg lifted to the side of his/her body he/she tackles. shows abduction. Rotation: A ballet dancer moves Circumduction: A gymnast on the into first position and rotates the beam takes her leg off the beam hip joint laterally. and moves it out and round to place her foot ahead of her front foot. WHAT IS CARTILAGE? Cartilage is a resilient and smooth elastic tissue; rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints, and is a structural component of the rib cage, the ear, the nose, and many other body components. WHAT IS A TENDON? It is a flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone. WHAT IS A LIGAMENT? A short band of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue which connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint. Location of major groups Deltoids Deltoids used in all movements of the arm. Most Abdominals bend the body forwards at the hip causing important function is lift arm straight outwards and flexion at the vertebral column e.g. performing sit up upwards (abduction) e.g. to make a block in exercise will use the abdominals volleyball with straight arms above head. Quadriceps provide stability to the knee joint and Trapezius causes extension at the neck e.g. rugby extends or straightens the knee joint e.g. a long jumper forward will use this in rugby scrum to bind into when driving off the board will straighten the knee joint opponents. at take-off using the quadriceps. Pectorals this causes adduction and flexion at the Hamstrings straighten the hip and straightens the knee shoulder joint e.g. a rugby player making a tackle joint e.g. a hockey player running across the pitch will would hold on to their opponent using the pectoral be using her hamstrings in the running action to bend muscle her knees Biceps cause flexion at the elbow e.g. bicep curl Latissimus-dorsi- Broad back muscle. Example: A tennis during weight training player who swings their arm back to hit the ball when serving. Triceps cause extension at the elbow e.g. backhand in table tennis Gluteal- These are the muscles in your buttocks. They cause extension at the hip. A sprinter will use the gluteal in Gastrocnemius-This muscle is used to bend the knee or the leg action of sprinting. straighten or plantar flex the ankle. A swimmer performing a front crawl will point their toes in the leg action using the gastrocnemius. Role of muscles in movement Muscles that work together like this are called antagonistic pairs. Biceps and triceps – During a bicep curl, the first phase where there is flexion at the elbow this is the Bicep working as the agonist and the Tricep relaxing as the antagonist. During the second phase when the elbow joint is extending the roles reverse and the Tricep is the agonist and the bicep the antagonist. Hamstrings and quadriceps –During a squat the first phase when you are going down and there is flexion at the Knee joint this is the hamstrings working as the agonist and the quadriceps relaxing as the antagonist. During the second phase of a squat you are pushing up and the Knee joint is extending the roles reverse and the quadriceps is contracting the agonist and the Hamstrings are relaxing, the antagonist. Agonist The working muscle that produces or controls the movement. This is known as the prime mover. For example the Bicep is the muscle that produces flexion at the elbow. Antagonist Movement caused by the agonist is countered by the action of the opposing muscle, called the agonist. For example the flexion at the elbow caused by the biceps is opposed by the lengthening of the triceps which acts as the antagonist, relaxing muscle. Fixator: This is the muscle that works with others to stabilize the origin of the prime mover. E.G The trapezius contracts to stabilise the origin of the biceps . Lever Systems 1st class lever- Neck Your skull is the lever arm and the neck muscles at the back of the skull provide the force (effort) to lift your head up against the weight of the head (load). When the neck muscles relax, your head nods forward. E.g. heading a football. 2nd class lever- ankle Standing on tip toes is a Class 2 lever. The pivot is at your toe joints and your foot acts as a lever arm. Your calf muscles and Achilles tendon provide the effort when the calf muscle contracts. The load is your body weight and is lifted by the effort (muscle contraction). E.g. in ballet when performing a pirouette. 3rd class lever- elbow A bent arm is a Class 3 lever. The pivot is at the elbow and the forearm acts as the lever arm. The biceps muscle provides the effort (force) and bends the forearm against the weight of the forearm and any weight that the hand might be holding. E.g. a bicep curl during weight lifting. Fulcrum - The pivot. In the body this will be the joints Load - The load to be moved, usually a weight. Effort -The force applied to move the object. In the body this will be a muscular contraction. Mechanical advantage- Some levers (first class and second class) provide mechanical advantage. This means they allow you to move a large output load with a smaller effort load. Plane of Movement Frontal plane Sagittal plane Transverse plane • Vertically divides the body into front (anterior) and back • Vertically divides the body into • Horizontally divides the body into (posterior) sections. the left and right hand sides. top (superior) and bottom • This allows for movements • Allows for movements such as (inferior) sections. such as star jumps, somersaults, forward rolls, sit ups • This allows for movement such as cartwheels, sidekicks in kick and running. a pirouette in dance, a back hand boxing and the rings in • Flexion and Extension in tennis or bowl in cricket. gymnastics. • Rotation & circumduction • Abductions & Adduction. Transverse Axes Longitudinal Axes Frontal Axes • The Transverse axes travels • The longitudinal axes travel • The Frontal axes travels through through the centre of mass through the centre of mass from the centre of mass at the waist at the waist from left to head to feet. from front to back. right. • This is used for movements such • Allows movement such as • This is used for movement as a pirouette in dance or spin in sidekicks in kick boxing and such as sit-ups and ice skating.