Environautics EN -1 Response to the 2009 -2010 AIAA Foundation Undergraduate Team Aircraft Design Competition Presented by Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Left to Right: Justin Cox, Julien Fenouil, Jason Henn, Ryan Hofmeister, Michael Caporellie, Justin Camm, August Sarrol, Richie Mohan Environautics Team Roster ii Executive Summary Environautics presents the EN-1 as a solution to the 2009-2010 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) Undergraduate Aircraft Design Competition Request For Proposal (RFP). The design will serve as an environmentally friendly and efficient strut-braced wing commercial transport to replace the Boeing 737 and Airbus 320. The RFP calls for a medium-range, biofuel-capable transport aircraft capable of carrying 175 passengers and cargo over a range of up to 3500 nautical miles and entering service by the year 2020. The main drivers for the proposal include maximizing performance capabilities with respect to the given RFP mission and maintaining a competitive commercial advantage while reducing the aircraft’s overall environmental impact through improved efficiency and usage of biofuels. The requirements of the RFP are discussed in Section 2.1. The proposed design incorporates the strut-braced wing design, a design proven in lightweight general aviation aircraft that enables a reduction of the weight of the main wing spar, allowing for efficiency enhancements through reduced wing thickness and sweep angle. The inclusion of advanced biofuels in the design minimizes performance penalties while reducing the aircraft’s environmental impact, further enhancing the competitive capability of the design compared to existing aircraft in areas such as operating costs. Operating costs are reduced further through use of advanced technologies that permit the aircraft to operate at increased efficiency and fewer delays. The combination of performance, efficiency, advanced technologies and reduced environmental impact make the Environautics EN-1 a first-rate choice for future commercial transports. iii Table of Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... iii Index of Figures ........................................................................................................................... viii Index of Tables .............................................................................................................................. ix Nomenclature .................................................................................................................................. x 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 2. Request for Proposal ................................................................................................................... 1 3. Fuels ............................................................................................................................................ 3 3.1 Fuel Descriptions ................................................................................................................... 3 Fuel Types ............................................................................................................................... 3 3.2 Biological Fuel Sources ........................................................................................................ 8 3.3 Sizing Requirements ............................................................................................................. 8 3.4 Fuel Decision ....................................................................................................................... 10 4. Concepts .................................................................................................................................... 13 4.1 Blended Wing Body (BWB) ............................................................................................... 13 4.2 Hybrid Blended Conventional ............................................................................................. 14 4.3 Strut Braced Wing ............................................................................................................... 15 4.4 Design Selection .................................................................................................................. 16 5. Sizing ........................................................................................................................................ 17 5.1 Initial Weight ....................................................................................................................... 17 5.2 Thrust to Weight and Wing Loading ................................................................................... 20 6. Aerodynamic Performance ....................................................................................................... 22 6.1 Drag Polar ........................................................................................................................... 22 6.2 Lift-to-Drag Ratio ............................................................................................................... 23 6.3 Airfoil Selection .................................................................................................................. 24 6.4 Airfoil Analysis ................................................................................................................... 27 7. Propulsion ................................................................................................................................. 32 7.1 Engine Technologies ........................................................................................................... 32 7.2 Engine Selection .................................................................................................................. 35 7.3 Fuel System ......................................................................................................................... 35 7.4 Engine Maintenance ............................................................................................................ 36 8. Performance .............................................................................................................................. 37 8.1 Takeoff, Landing, Balanced Field Length Analysis ........................................................... 37 8.2 Mission Profile .................................................................................................................... 39 9. Weights and Structures ............................................................................................................. 40 9.1 Final Weight ........................................................................................................................ 40 9.2 Center of Gravity ................................................................................................................. 43 9.3 Materials .............................................................................................................................. 44 9.4 V-n Diagram ........................................................................................................................ 47 9.5 Structural Analysis .............................................................................................................. 48 vi 10. Stability and Control ............................................................................................................... 56 10.1 Longitudinal Stability Analysis ......................................................................................... 56 10.1.1 JKayVLM Analysis .................................................................................................... 57 10.1.2 Tornado Analysis ........................................................................................................ 58 10.2 Control Types .................................................................................................................... 60 10.3 Cruise Trim ....................................................................................................................... 60 11. Systems ................................................................................................................................... 61 11.1 Cabin Layout ..................................................................................................................... 61 11.2 In-flight Systems ............................................................................................................... 62 11.3 Cockpit Systems ................................................................................................................ 66 11.4 Ground systems ................................................................................................................. 67 11.5 New Advanced Systems .................................................................................................... 68 11.5.1 NextGen ...................................................................................................................... 68 11.5.2 Lidar/Optical sensing Interface .................................................................................. 69 11.5.3 GPS Landing............................................................................................................... 69 12. Cost Estimation