Characteristics of the Bergschrund of an Avalanche-Cone Glacier in the Canadian Rocky Mountains

Characteristics of the Bergschrund of an Avalanche-Cone Glacier in the Canadian Rocky Mountains

JOlIl"lla/ o/G/aci%gl'. VoL 29. No. 10 1. 1983 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BERGSCHRUND OF AN AVALANCHE-CONE GLACIER IN THE CANADIAN ROCKY MOUNTAINS By G ERALD OSBORN (Department of Geology and Geophysics, Uni versity o f Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N I N4, Canada) ABSTRACT. Fi eld study of th e bergschrund of a small avalanche-cone glacier at the base of Mt Chephren, in Banff Nati onal Park , has been ca rried out as part of a general ex pl oratory study of glacier-head crevasses in th e Canadi an Roc ki es. The bergsc hrun d consists of a wide. shall ow. partl y bedrock-fl oored gap, und erneath whi ch ex tends a nearl y vertical Ralldklu!I, and a small , offset, subsidi ary crevasse (or crevasses). The fo ll owin g observations rega rdin g the behavior of th e bergsc hruncl and ice adjacent to it are of parti cul ar interest: ( I) topograph y of the subglaeial bedrock is a control on the location of the main bergschrund and subsidi a ry crevasses. (2) th e main bergschrund and subsid ia ry crevasse(s) are conn ected by subglacial gaps betwee n bedrock and ice; th e gaps are part of th e "bergschrund system" , (3) snow/ ice immedi ately down-glacier of the bergschrund system moves nea rl y verticall y dow nwa rd in response to rotational fl ow of the glacier. a ll owin g the bergschrund components to keep the same location and size fro m year to year, (4) an inde pend ent accumul ati on, fl ow. and ablation system ex ists in th e snow/ice up-glac ier of the bergschrund system. (5) most of th e vo id space in the bergsc hrund sy stem is maintained through the winter, alth ough the wide, shall ow part of th e main bergschrund fill s up with snow. (6) some mass transfer of snow/ ice occurs across the bergschrund system, (7) displ acement across th e bergsc hrund due to fl ow of th e main glac ier body results in signifi cantl y more snow bei ng deposited each wi nter down-glacier of th e bergsc hrund than up-glacier of it. R ESUME. Caracteristiqlles de la rimaye d 'ulI glacier forme par UII cone d'avala l1 che da lls les MOl1t agnes Rocheuses Ca ll adiel1n es. O n a conduit un e etude sur le ter rain de la rim aye c1 'un petit glacier forme par un conc d'avalanche, da ns le cadre d'un e etude generaie exp loratoire des rim ayes cl ans les Rocheuses Ca nad ienn es. Le glacier se situe au pi ed de la paroi nord -est du Mt Chep hren dans le Parc Na ti onal de Ba nff. La prin cipale rilll aye consiste en un espace la rge peu profond a ll ant en part ie jusq u'au bedrock. so us laquell e s'etend 'unc crevasse presq ue verti ca le entre le bedrock et le corps prin cipal du glacier. La ri maye s'ctrangle avant d'attei ndre le cOle sud-esl du cone, mais de pelites crevasse ann exes la po ursuivent dans line zone decli ve. La locali sa tion de la rilll aye prin ci pale et des crevasses ann exes est en parti e liee a la topograph ie dll bedrock so us-jacent. Les observations sui vantes concern ant le co mportemen t de la rilllaye et de la glace avoisin ante offrent un interet parti culier: ( I) la rim aye principale et les crevasses annexes ont to utes re li ees par des cavites so us-glaciaires ent re le bedrock et la glace. ces cavites fo nt partie du systeme de la rim aye, (2) I'ablation se produit pe nd an t r ete it la surface des glaces profondes aussi bien que sur la surface supcrieure du glacier, (3) la neige c1evcnant glacc immediatement en-dessous du systeme de la rim aye se dcp lace presque ve rti calement en raiso n de I'ecoul ement ro tationn el du glacier, ce q ui perm et au systeme de la ri ll1aye de conserver la Il1 cll1 e locali sati on et la 111 cme formc d'ann ee en an nee. (4) un systeme independ ant ecoul emen t-ablatio n existe dans le neve a u-dessus du syste 111 e de la ri111 aye. (5) la plu s gra nde part ie de I'espace vide dans le systeme de la rim aye se maintient pend ant I'hi ve r bi en que la portion large et peu profonde de la rimaye principale se rell1pli sse de neige, (6) un certain transfert de ll1 asse de neve se produit a travers le systeme de la rim aye. (7) le de pl acement it travers la rill1 aye dfJ a I'ecoul ement aboutit it ce qu ' il se depose de mani ere sig nifi cati ve, plu s c1e neige chaqlle ann ee cn-desso us de la rim aye qu'au dessus. Z USAMMENFASSUNG. Charaklerisliken des Bergschrulldes eirles Lawillell kegelgletschers ill dell Kalladischell Rocky Mountain s. Feldunlersuchungen des Bergsc hrun des an ein e l11 kleinen Lawinenk cgelgletscher wurden als Teil ein er all ge l11 einen Studie der zu ngenfernen Glelscherspalten in den Kanadi schen Rocky Mountain s durchgefiihrt. Der Gletscher liegt am Fusse der Nordos tfi an ke des Mt Chephren il11 Banff National Park. Ocr Haupt-Bergschrund besteht aus einer weit en. seicht en Spalte, teilweise iiber Felsgrund, unter der sich ein e fast senk recht e Kluft zwi schen dem Fels und de l11 eige ntlichen Gletscherk ii per erstrec kL Der Bergsc hrund streicht aus, bevor er die Siidostseite des Kegels erreicht, setzt sich aber in kl ein en, geslaffe lten Nebenspalten fo rt. Di e Lage dcs Haupt-Bergsc hrund es un d der Nebenspaiten steht te il weise im Zusa mmenh ang mit der Topographi c des Felsun tergr un des. Di e folgende n Beobachtllngen ii ber den Bergschrund un d das ihm benachba rte Eis diirften vo n 55 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. 26 Sep 2021 at 11:14:44, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use. 56 JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY besonderem Interesse sein: (I) Oer Haupt-Bergschrund und seine Nebenspalten sind durchwegs durch subglazial e Liicken zwischen Fels und Eis miteinander verbunden ; die Liicken sind ein Teil des " Bergschrundsystems'·. (2) Ablation tritt im Sommer an den subglazialen EisoberfHichen ebenso auf wie an der Gletscheroberfl ache. (3) Schnee und Eis unmittelbar unter dem Bergschrundsystem bewegt sich nahezu senkrecht nach unten infolge des rotierenden Gletscherflusses, wodurch die Bergschrundkomponenten von Jahr dieselbe Lage und Griisse beibehalten kiinnen. (4) In Schnee und Ei s iiber dem Bergschrundsystem besteht ein ei genes Fluss- und Ablationssystem. (5) Ein Grossteil des Leerraumes im Bergschrundsystem bleibt auch im Winter offen, a bwo hl der weite, seichte Teil des Hauptbergschrundes si ch mit Schnee fiill!. (6) Ein gewisser Transport von Schnee und Eis findet auch iiber das Bergschrundsystem statl. (7) Verlagerungen iiber den Bergschrund infolge von Fliessbewegungen fiihren im Winter zu wesentlich griisseren Schneeablagerungen unter dem Bergschrund als iiber ihm. INTRODUCTION "Bergschrund" has been defined as "the crevasse occurring at the head of a mountain glacier, which separates the moving snow and ice of the glacier from the relatively immobile snow and ice adhering to the headwall of the valley" (American Geological Institute, 1962). Despite the fact that bergschrunds are the most obvious structural features on many cirque and valley glaciers, very little is known about their general characteristics and behavior, and about the nature of ice motion immediately up-glacier and down-glacier of them. The bergschrund, according to Battle and Lewis (1951), "resembles a living organism with a life-cycle concerning which we are extremely ignorant". While aspects of particular bergschrunds or Randkliifte have been described in the literature (e.g. Battle, 1952; Battle and Lewis, 1951; McCall, 1960), most prior field study in and of glacier-head gaps has concentrated on thermal regimes in the gaps and associated problems of cirque headwall erosion. This paper presents some observations of a particular bergschrund, and behavior of the ice adjacent to it. Field study took place during the summers of 1977, 1978, and 1979. Difficult and hazardous working conditions (probably one reason why bergschrunds have received so little attention) limited the amount of data that could be gathered and necessitate considerable speculation; nevertheless some interesting findings have emerged. THE MT CHEPHREN SITE The bergschrund described here occurs in a very small avalanche-cone glacier rather than a typical cirque glacier. The glacier is the north-western most of three small glaciers fed by avalanches from the north-east flank of Mt Chephren, in Banff National Park, Alberta (Fig. I). The elevation of the toe is about 1 960 m. The 150 m-long glacier retains a shape appropriate to its avalanche-cone genesis (Fig. 2) but contains the normal accoutrements of a cirque glacier, including sedimentary layering in the ice which dips up-glacier near the toe, and, of course, the bergschrund. Peripheral to the base of the cone is a moraine undoubtedly built during the Cavell Advance of the last few centuries (Luckman and Osborn, 1979). Observations suggest that direct snow-fall plays an insignificant role in nourishment of the glacier; the snow which persists through the summer season is mostly avalanche snow.

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