Int Marit Health 2016; 67, 3: 171–178 DOI: 10.5603/IMH.2016.0032 www.intmarhealth.pl ORIGINAL PAPER Copyright © 2016 PSMTTM ISSN 1641–9251 The development and optimisation of a quantitative physical fitness scoring system for use amongst Naval Service personnel Cliodhna Sargent, Sean Lacey, Cormac Gebruers, Jim O’Mahony Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland ABSTRACT Background: A lack of research currently exists in relation to the current physical fitness testing system that is used within the Irish Naval Service, not only in relation to the tests that are used but also in relation to the scores that should be achieved in order to pass the test. As such the aim of this study was to select tests for various components of physical fitness and create a scoring system that could be used to assess individuals more comprehensively. Materials and methods: Seventy-five individuals took part in the study (71 males, 4 females). Each partici- pant completed a battery of physical tests analysing the following physical fitness components: flexibility, power, agility, strength, speed, anaerobic conditioning and aerobic conditioning. The mean score ± 0.67 and ± 1 standard deviations were used for the selection of categories. Results: A six category scoring system was produced for each component of physical fitness. Scores were assigned to each category allowing a total cumulative score and an overall percentage of the total to be calculated. The categories are as follows: Score 5, Score 10, Score 15, Score 20, Score 25, Score 30. Conclusions: A quantitative scoring system has been produced that allows comprehensive physical fitness testing to be conducted. In order to achieve a complete picture of a participant’s physical fitness, all tests outlined should be included in the testing process. However, the flexible nature of this system allows for tests to be included or excluded to suit the needs of an individual or organisation. The fact that the scoring system is quantitative, the time involved is relatively short, multiple participants can be tested simultaneo- usly and the pass rates can be decided upon by the host organisation makes this system versatile and comparable across multiple jurisdictions. (Int Marit Health 2016; 67, 3: 171–178) Key words: physical fitness, testing, scoring system, Naval Service INTRODUCTION Both of these organisations, as well as the British Royal It is imperative that physical fitness testing be conducted Navy test participants through a 2.4 km run, a timed push- on individuals within naval service populations globally, and up test and a timed sit-up test [1, 3, 4]. These tests analyse should be evaluated repeatedly over the career of Naval two isolated components of physical fitness: aerobic condi- Service personnel. However, the time between each testing tioning and muscular strength. Whilst these tests have also period varies according to the individual organisation. For been used within other military populations there is a lack example, within the American Navy, physical fitness testing of research to establish if these tests are fit for purpose takes place every 6 months [1], whereas in the Irish Naval or the occupational relevance of these tests within naval Service testing takes place once a year [2]. populations. Studies have suggested that other components * Cliodhna Sargent, Researcher, Cork Institute of Technology, Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland, e-mail: [email protected] www.intmarhealth.pl 171 Int Marit Health 2016; 67, 3: 171–178 of fitness or other tests could be used to test navy popu- Table 1. Testing structure lations [5]. Examples include components which could be Physical fitness Test Number of times considered suitable for use within this population such as element the activity speed, power, flexibility, agility and anaerobic conditioning. measured is performed Various laboratory and field tests are used for the examina- Flexibility Sit-and-reach 3 tion of each of these components. However, each of these Warm-up 7 min tests selected for use with the Irish Naval Service must be Vertical Counter movement 3 suitable for use with large numbers and require minimal power jump portable equipment in the field. Additionally, there is also Horizontal power Standing long jump 3 a lack of research around the scoring system that is used for the current tests. The aims of this study are to: Agility Pro agility 3 — design an appropriate set of physical tests that could Strength Dynamometer hand grip 3 be implemented both during recruitment and during the Strength Chin-up 1 annual physical fitness assessments; Strength Timed push-up 1 — construct a statistically relevant scoring system that can Strength Timed sit-up 1 be used to monitor fitness levels on a periodic basis. Speed 10-m and 20-m 3 straight line speed MATERIALS AND METHODS Anaerobic 5-m multiple 1 conditioning shuttle run Participants Compulsory break 30 min In order to recruit participants, the aims and testing Aerobic Multi-stage fitness 1 procedures were explained to all those serving on vessels conditioning within the Irish Naval Service fleet. Seventy-five individuals Cool down 6 min (71 males, 4 females) volunteered to take part in the study The table above shows the format in which the testing was run. The left column and once fully informed, a consent form was signed. Each displays the physical fitness component that was measured. The middle column shows the tests that were used in the order they were performed and the third participant then completed a battery of physical fitness tests column shows the number of times a test was performed by each individual. over a 90-min testing period. All participants completed these tests between January and August of 2015. of fatigue on the testing results. Some of the tests were Testing only performed once due to the maximal nature of the In order to produce a range of suitable physical fitness test, whilst other tests were performed three times by each tests, research that already exists on navy, military, and participant with a minimum of 30-s break between each seafaring populations was examined [5–9]. One test for one. The best score achieved was counted as the result each of the components of physical fitness including flex- for these tests after the three attempts. The assessment of ibility, agility, speed, strength, vertical power, horizontal flexibility took place prior to a warm-up in order to prevent power, anaerobic conditioning and aerobic conditioning the benefit of warm-up and stretching from influencing the was selected. Additionally, the timed sit-ups test and timed results of the test. Additionally, due to the maximal nature push-ups, which are currently being used as part of the of the multi-stage fitness test (MSFT) and the 5-m repeat fitness testing, were also included in the battery of tests. shuttle run test participants were required to take a 30-min This allows the scoring system that currently exists to be break between these tests. Tests were categorised and broadly compared with the system produced by this study. conducted as follows. All participants were required to perform a warm-up which consisted of 5 min of light running followed by four standard FLExIBILITy stretching exercises. All exercises in the warm-up were kept The sit-and-reach test was selected to assess flexibility dynamic as this has been found to have a positive impact [11]. Good flexibility has been seen to have many benefits on performance [10]. including reducing the risk of injury [12, 13]. This can be Each of the tests conducted required minimal equip- achieved through the incorporation of flexibility exercises ment, could take place indoors in a relatively small space into daily training. There are a range of various methods for and was suitable for testing large numbers of individuals. testing the flexibility of various muscle groups. However, the Where necessary, the equipment used for this study was sit-and-reach test has been seen to assess the flexibility of calibrated annually, and testing always occurred in the multiple muscle groups simultaneously and therefore could same order, as outlined in Table 1 to minimise the effect be seen as a more suitable test when only one flexibility 172 www.intmarhealth.pl Cliodhna Sargent et al., The development and optimisation of a quantitative physical fitness scoring system... test is being used [14, 15]. Flexibility was measured using a sit and reach box. The participant was required to take off their shoes before performing the test. This test involved the participant sitting on the floor with legs straight and feet flat up against the sit and reach box. The participant reached as far forward as possible with their hands. The score was then measured to the nearest 0.5 of a cm from where the tips of the participant’s hands stopped along the ruler. Vertical powER A contact mat was selected to assess vertical power through a counter movement jump (CMJ) (FSL Electronics, Cookstown, Ireland). Whilst CMJ is not currently used in military setting it has been seen to be valid and reliable for assessing explosive power [6]. A study focused on women in the military found that a loaded explosive jump was linked to loaded carrying tasks [16]. Whilst further research is need to ascertain if this is also the case in an unloaded navy pop- ulation this study will provide the norms for the Irish Naval Service should the research be conducted within another naval population. To test vertical power the participant started with two feet on the mat and hands on hips. The Figure 1. This figure above shows how the pro agility test is participant squatted to just above parallel then immediately performed. The participant should start at line A, run 5 m to line jumped upwards with legs fully extended before returning to B, run 10 m back through line A to line C, then turn and run the the mat.