CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF MODERN EUROPE A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY MUSTAFA SERDAR PALABIYIK IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS JUNE 2005 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Sencer Ayata Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science/Arts / Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Atilla Eralp Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science/Arts/Doctor of Philosophy. Assoc. Prof. Dr. A. Nuri Yurdusev Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Bağcı (METU, IR) Assoc. Prof. Dr. A. Nuri Yurdusev (METU, IR) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ömer Turan (METU, HIST) ii I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: Mustafa Serdar PALABIYIK Signature: iii ABSTRACT CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF MODERN EUROPE Palabıyık, Mustafa Serdar M.Sc., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. A. Nuri Yurdusev June 2003, 159 pages This thesis aims to analyze the contributions of the Ottoman Empire to the construction of modern Europe in the early modern period. Conventional historiography generally argues that the Ottoman Empire contributed to the emergence of the modern European identity only through acting as the ‘other’ of Europe. This thesis, however, aims to show that such an analysis is not enough to understand the Ottoman impact on the European state system. Moreover, it argues that the Ottoman Empire contributed to the construction of this system both politically and economically. By depriving the Habsburg Empire of dominating whole continent, Ottoman Empire helped the proto-modern centralizing states, i.e. England, France and the Netherlands, and Protestantism to survive the suppression of the Habsburgs. On the other hand, by granting capitulations to these European states, it contributed to the economies of these states in a way that they could be able to develop their emerging capitalist economies. In all, this thesis concludes that the Ottoman Empire was not a passive actor and an outsider to the European system, acted only as a counter-reference point in the formation of the European identity; rather, it actively involved in the European politics and economics as an active actor. Keywords: Ottoman Empire, European Identity, Habsburg Empire, Capitulations iv ÖZ OSMANLI İMPARATORLUĞUNUN MODERN AVRUPA’NIN İNŞASINA KATKISI Palabıyık, Mustafa Serdar Yüksek Lisans, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: A. Nuri Yurdusev Haziran 2005, 159 sayfa Bu çalışma Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun erken modern çağda modern Avrupa’nın inşasına katkısını incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Geleneksel tarih yazımı genellikle Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun yalnızca Avrupa’nın ‘öteki’si rolünü oynayarak Avrupa kimliğinin oluşumuna katkıda bulunduğunu savunur. Ancak, bu tez, bu görüşün Avrupa devlet sisteminin oluşumuna Osmanlıların yaptığı katkıyı anlamak için yeterli olmadığını göstermeyi amaçlamaktadır. Dahası, Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun bu sistemin oluşumunda hem siyasi hem de ekonomik katkılarının bulunduğunu ileri sürmektedir. Habsburg İmparatorluğu’nun kıtanın tümü üzerinde hakim olmasını engelleyen Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, İngiltere, Fransa ve Hollanda gibi merkezileşmekte olan devletlerin ve Protestanlığın Habsburg baskısını atlatmalarına yardımcı olmuştur. Diğer taraftan, bu devletlere kapitülasyonlar bahşederek, yeni yeni ortaya çıkan kapitalist ekonomilerini geliştirmelerini sağlayacak katkılarda bulunmuştur. Kısacası, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu yalnızca bir karşı-referans noktası rolünü oynayan pasif ve sistem- dışı bir aktör değil, bizzat Avrupa siyaset ve ekonomisine dahil olan aktif bir aktördür. Anahtar Kelimeler: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, Avrupa Kimliği, Habsburg İmparatorluğu, Kapitülasyonlar v To My Family vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express his deepest gratitude to his supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. A. Nuri YURDUSEV for his guidance, advice, criticism, encouragements and insight throughout his research. The suggestions and comments of Prof. Dr. Hüseyin BAĞCI are also gratefully acknowledged together with his valuable supports during the author’s undergraduate and graduate education. The author also wishes to express his gratitude to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ömer TURAN for his participation in the examining committee of this thesis and for the academic guidance that he provided to the author during his undergraduate study. The contributions of Assoc. Prof. Dr. Necati POLAT are of vital importance in writing this thesis, since the author chose to deal with Ottoman diplomacy in his thesis after taking his course on Geopolitics and writing a review paper on Ottoman geographical manuscripts. The author would also like to thank Assist. Prof. Dr. Oktay Fırat TANRISEVER for his sincerity and patience in listening about the author’s proceedings in his thesis and research. Of course, the author could not forget the support of his friends and wishes to thank all of them for their valuable friendship. Without their encouragements and moral support, everything would be more difficult. Finally, the author would like to express his most sincere gratitude to his mother, father and brother. He owes his success to their eternal love and patience. They are proud of him as well as he is proud of them. I hope the dedication of this thesis to his family could express his gratitude towards them. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM……………………………………………………………………...iii ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………….…..iv ÖZ…………..……………………………………………………..………………...v DEDICATION………………………………………….…………………………..vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………..vii TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………….viii INTRODUCTION…………………...……..………………………………………..1 CHAPTER I. GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD……...….....9 A. BUREAUCRACY….….……………….………………………………….9 B. ARMY……………….…………………….……………………………..18 C. ECONOMY……….………………………….…………………………..23 II. NEGATIVE CONTRIBUTION…………...……….………………………...30 A. THE IDEA OF EUROPE UNTIL THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD….30 B. THE IDEA OF EUROPE IN THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD…….…35 III. POSITIVE CONTRIBUTION……………………….………………...…….55 A. POLITICAL CONTRIBUTION…………………………………………55 1. Ottoman Support To The European States Against The Habsburg Empire….……………………………………………………55 a. Ottoman-French Relations…….……………………………………...55 b. Ottoman-English Relations…………………….……..……………....71 c. Ottoman-Dutch Relations……………………………….……..……..79 2. Ottoman Support To The Dissident Groups Within the Habsburg Empire……………………………………………….….81 a. Ottomans and Protestants………………………………………..…..82 b. Ottomans and Moriscos…………………………………………..….93 viii B. ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION…………………………………………101 1. Ottoman-French Economic Relations…………………………….…..104 2. Ottoman-English Economic Relations…………………………….…110 3. Ottoman-Dutch Economic Relations…………………………………124 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………..132 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………….. 141 ix INTRODUCTION Throughout history, only a few epochs could be labeled as ‘revolutionary’ and the early modern period (1450-1620) is one of them. Indeed, there is a good reason to call it so. Accordingly, early modern period is revolutionary in the sense that it acts as a transitional period between the ‘medieval’ and the ‘modern’, and within this period these two characteristics coexist. Medieval imperial formations, city-states and proto-modern central states formed a conglomerate political composition; declining feudal economic structures and newly emerging pre- capitalist urban economies exist side by side; scholastic outlook inherited from the medieval age and new thinking promoted by Renaissance and Reformation were in a continuous strife. In other words, a binary opposition between the ‘medieval’ and the ‘modern’, or to put it in a more concrete way, the opposition between the ‘old’ and ‘new’, was the main characteristic of the age. Early modern period was also significant because of the significance of innovation, not only in scientific terms, but also in culture, philosophy and literature. In other words, this age was famed with its ‘innovators’. In terms of literature, a golden age was the case in England, France and Spain. William Shakespeare, Michel de Montaigne, and the author of the first novel in literature, Miguel de Cervantes, contributed to this revival. In scientific terms the teachings of Copernicus, Galileo and Mercator encouraged the scientific thinking against the medieval dogmas and resulted in an assertive impetus among the adventurists to discover the mysteries of the world. In terms of art and culture, by the first half of the sixteenth century Michelangelo had already finished the decoration of the Sistine Chapel and Rabelais had produced his finest art. On the other hand Erasmus, Luther and Calvin reacted the medieval philosophy and emerged as the champions of new humanism. These names indicate why those historians, who are studying the early modern period, dub almost every aspect of early modern life as a ‘revolution’. In 1 this period, in terms of politics, the process of state centralization