SUB Hamburg B/112081 CALIFORNIA INDIAN LANGUAGES VICTOR GOLLA UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley Los Angeles London CONTENTS PREFACE ix PART THREE PHONETIC ORTHOGRAPHY xiii Languages and Language Families Algic Languages / 61 PART ONE Introduction: Defining California as a 3.1 California Algic Languages (Ritwan) / 61 Sociolinguistic Area 3.2 Wiyot / 62 3.3 Yurok / 65 1.1 Diversity / 1 Athabaskan (Na-Dene) Languages / 68 1.2 Tribelet and Language / 2 3.4 The Pacific Coast Athabaskan Languages / 68 1.3 Symbolic Function of California Languages / 4 3.5 Lower Columbia Athabaskan 1.4 Languages and Migration / 5 (Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanai) / 69 1.5 Multilingualism / 6 3.6 Oregon Athabaskan Languages / 70 1.6 Language Families and Phyla / 8 3.7 California Athabaskan Languages / 76 Hokan Languages / 82 PART TWO 3.8 The Hokan Phylum / 82 History of Study 3.9 Karuk / 84 3.10 Chimariko / 87 3.11 Shastan Languages / 90 Before Linguistics / 12 3.12 Palaihnihan Languages / 95 2.1 Earliest Attestations / 12 3.13 Yana / 100 2.2 Jesuit Missionaries in Baja California / 12 3.14 Washo / 102 2.3 Franciscans in Alta California / 14 3.15 Porno Languages / 105 2.4 Visitors and Collectors, 1780-1880 / 22 3.16 Esselen / 112 3.17 Salinan / 114 Linguistic Scholarship / 32 3.18 Yuman Languages / 117 3.19 Cochimi and the Cochimi-Yuman Relationship / 125 2.5 Early Research Linguistics, 1865-1900 / 32 3.20 Seri / 126 2.6 The Kroeber Era, 1900 to World War II / 35 2.7 Independent Scholars, 1900-1940 / 42 Penutian Languages / 128 2.8 Structural Linguists / 49 2.9 The Survey of California (and Other) Indian 3.21 The Penutian Phylum / 128 Languages / 53 3.22 Takelma / 130 2.10 The Contemporary Scene: Continuing 3.23 Klamath-Modoc / 133 Documentation and Research within and 3.24 Maiduan Languages / 136 beyond the Academy / 58 3.25 Wintuan Languages / 140 3.26 Yokuts / 147 Linguistic Culture / 218 3.27 Miwok Languages / 156 4.10 Numerals / 218 3.28 Costanoan (Ohlone) Languages / 162 4.11 Names / 220 3.29 Utian / 168 4.12 Diminutive and Other Expressive Symbolism / 223 4.13 Social and Situational Varieties / 226 Uto-Aztecan Languages / 169 4.14 Precontact Lexical Borrowing / 227 3.30 Uto-Aztecan and Northern Uto-Aztecan / 169 4.15 Postcontact Lexical Borrowing / 230 3.31 Numic Languages / 170 3.32 Takic Languages / 178 3.33 Tubatulabal / 185 PART FIVE 3.34 Giamina (Omomil) / 187 Linguistic Prehistory Languages of Uncertain Affiliation / 188 5.1 The Oldest Stratum? Waikuri, Chumash, 3.35 Yukian Languages / 188 Yukian / 239 3.36 Chumash Languages / 194 5.2 Hokan / 242 3.37 Southern Baja California Languages: Monqui, Waikuri, 5.3 Penutian / 249 and Pericu / 200 5.4 Uto-Aztecan / 254 5.5 Algic / 256 5.6 Athabaskan / 257 PART FOUR Typological and Areal Features: California as a Linguistic Area APPENDIX A. C. HART MERRIAM'S VOCABULARIES AND NATURAL HISTORY WORD LISTS FOR Phonology / 204 CALIFORNIA INDIAN LANGUAGES 259 APPENDIX B. MATERIALS ON CALIFORNIA 4.1 Consonants / 204 INDIAN LANGUAGES IN THE PAPERS OF JOHN 4.2 Vowels / 207 PEABODY HARRINGTON 273 4.3 Pitch Accent and Tone / 209 APPENDIX C. PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION Grammar / 209 SYSTEMS WIDELY USED IN CALIFORNIA INDIAN LANGUAGE MATERIALS 283 4.4 Morphological Processes / 209 APPENDIX D. BASIC NUMERALS IN SELECTED 4.5 Structural Patterns / 210 4.6 Case Marking / 211 CALIFORNIA LANGUAGES 287 4.7 Marking of Plurality / 213 NOTES 295 4.8 Stem Derivation / 215 BIBLIOGRAPHY 323 4.9 Switch Reference / 218 INDEX 371 VIII CONTENTS.