LAPPEENRANTA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Northern Dimension Research Centre Publication 6 Tauno Tiusanen, Oksana Ivanova, Daria Podmetina EU’S NEW NEIGHBOURS: THE CASE OF UKRAINE Lappeenranta University of Technology Northern Dimension Research Centre P.O.Box 20, FIN-53851 Lappeenranta, Finland Telephone: +358-5-621 11 Telefax: +358-5-621 2644 URL: www.lut.fi/nordi Lappeenranta 2004 ISBN 951-764-896-0 (paperback) ISBN 951-764-897-9 (PDF) ISSN 1459-6679 EU’s New Neighbours: The Case of Ukraine Tauno Tiusanen Oksana Ivanova Daria Podmetina 1 Contents LIST OF TABLES 2 FOREWORD 4 1. INTRODUCTION 5 2. UKRAINIAN ECONOMIC TRENDS 2.1. Economic Growth and Stability in the Early Period of Transition 6 2.2. Investment and Productivity 9 2.3. Living Standard 11 2.4. Current Economic Trends 15 2.5. Distribution of Incomes and Household Expenditures 16 3. UKRAINE: HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY, ECONOMY AND POLITICS 3.1. Geographic Location, Climate and Natural Resources 20 3.2. Political System and Regions 22 3.3. History of Ukraine 24 3.4. Economic History and Reforms 26 4. INVESTMENT CLIMATE IN UKRAINE 4.1 Foreign Direct Investment in Ukraine 34 4.2. Motives and Obstacles for FDI in Ukraine 37 4.3. Ukraine in International Ratings 40 4.4. The Legal Framework for FDIs 43 4.5. Special Economic Zones 45 5. THE INVESTMENT RATING OF UKRAINIAN REGIONS 5.1. FDIs by Regions 49 5.2. The Investment Rating of Ukrainian Regions 50 5.3. Description of Ukrainian Regions 52 6. FDI SCENE IN UKRAINE: BUSINESS EXAMPLES 6.1. FDI Strategies 72 6.2. Oil Processing Industry 76 6.3. Mining and Metallurgy 83 6.4. Banking Sector 87 6.5. Agricultural Sector 94 6.6. Food Industry 100 6.7. Soft Drinks and Beer Sector 107 6.8. Fast-Food Sector 115 6.9. Tobacco Industry 118 6.10. Retail Trade 123 6.11. Mobile and Telecommunications Sector 127 6.12. Summary of Investment Projects in Ukraine 133 6.13. Summary of Russian FDIs in Ukraine 135 7. EBRD PROJECTS IN UKRAINE 139 CONCLUSIONS 145 REFERENCES 147 Northern Dimension Research Centre – T. Tiusanen, O. Ivanova, D. Podmetina 2 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 GDP Trends in TEs, 2002 7 Table 2 Inflation. Consumer Price Index, 1989=100 8 Table 3 Gross Fixed Capital Formation, 2002 10 Table 4 Labour Productivity in Industry, 2002 10 Table 5 GDP Per Capita at Current PPPs (EUR0), 2002 11 Table 6 ERDI, Euro-based at Current PPPs (EURO) 13 Table 7 Average Growth Wage/Month (EURO) 13 Table 8 Unit Labour Costs (PPP adjusted), Austria = 100 14 Table 9 Main Economic Indicators of Ukraine 15 Table 10 Average Household Size 16 Table 11 Income Distribution, % 17 Table 12 Average Monthly Wages (in 1997–2002) 17 Table 13 Average Monthly Income and Income Structure, % 18 Table 14 Distribution of Population by Income, 2002 18 Table 15 Income Distribution, 2000 – 2002, % 18 Table 16 Household Budget Expenditure (% of Total) 19 Table 17 Monthly Food Consumption per capita, average 19 Table 18 Consumer Products per 100 Households 19 Table 19 Map of Ukraine 21 Table 20 Macroeconomic Indicators for Ukraine, 1992 - 1997 28 Table 21 Stabilisation of inflation in Ukraine, 1992-1997 30 Table 22 Results of Large-scale Privatization in Ukrainian Industry, 1992-1997 31 Table 23 Foreign Direct Investment Inflow, USD million 34 Table 24 Foreign Direct Investment Stock, USD million 34 Table 25 FDI Stock in Ukraine, to the Beginning of the Year, USD million 35 Table 26 Structure of FDIs in Ukraine, on Jan., 1, USD million and % of total 35 Table 27 Main Countries Investing to Ukraine 36 Table 28 Distribution of US investments by activity (on Jan., 1, 2003) 36 Table 29 Motives for companies investing in Ukraine 38 Table 30 Deterrents for companies investing in Ukraine 38 Table 31 Priorities of Government Policy 39 Table 32 Some Credit Ratings for Long-term Bonds 41 Table 33 Economic Indexes of Ukraine 43 Table 34 Special Economic Zones of Ukraine 46 Table 35 Results of Economic Activity of SEZ as for 01.01.2001 47 Table 36 FDIs by Regions 2002 49 EU’s New Neighbours: The Case of Ukraine 3 Table 37 FDI in Ukrainian Regions, as of January 1, 2003 50 Table 38 Investment Rating of the Ukrainian Regions 2002 51 Table 39 The Main Economic Indicators of Central Regions 2002 52 Table 40 The Main Economic Indicators of Eastern Regions 2002 58 Table 41 The Main Economic Indicators of Southern Regions 2002 63 Table 42 The Main Economic Indicators of Western Regions 2002 67 Table 43 TNK in Regions, 2002 80 Table 44 Largest Ukrainian GOKs 83 Table 45 Privatization of GOKs in 2001 83 Table 46 Key Ferrous Metallurgy Producers 84 Table 47 Some of Non-ferrous Metallurgy Companies 86 Table 48 The Largest Ukrainian Banks, 2001 87 Table 49 Banks with 100 % Foreign Capital in Ukraine, on 01.01.2003 88 Table 50 Ukraine vs. Other TEs, 2002 94 Table 51 Ukraine's Agricultural Statistics 98 Table 52 The shares of Ukrainian Confectionery Manufacturers, 2002, tns and % 101 Table 53 Market Shares of the Beer Producers in Ukraine 108 Table 54 Sun Interbrew in Ukraine 110 Table 55 Leading Companies in Soft Drinks Industry in Ukraine 112 Table 56 Leading Producers of Mineral Waters in Ukraine 113 Table 57 Sales of Juices in Ukraine in 2002 113 Table 58 Cigarettes Production in Ukraine, billion cigarettes 118 Table 59 Leaders of Ukrainian Tobacco Market 118 Table 60 The Initial Investments of Foreign Companies to Ukrainian Tobacco 119 Table 61 Cigarettes Production in Different Price Segments 122 Table 62 Top 10 Brands of Cigarettes in Ukraine (Dec., 2002) 122 Table 63 Ukraine vs. Other Emerging Markets (2001) 123 Table 64 Ukraine's Retail Trade Statistics 123 Table 65 Ukraine's Top 5 Retailers 125 Table 66 Operational Control and State Regulation (Law 1995) 129 Table 67 The Most Successful Investment Projects in Ukraine 134 Table 68 Russian Companies in Ukraine 137 Table 69 EBRD Signed Projects in Ukraine in the end of 2002 141 Table 70 EBRD Signed Projects in Ukraine in 2003 142 Northern Dimension Research Centre – T. Tiusanen, O. Ivanova, D. Podmetina 4 Foreword The Northern Dimension Research Centre (NORDI) is a research institute run by Lappeenranta University of technology (LUT). NORDI was established in the spring 2003 in order to co-ordinate research into Russia. NORDI’s mission is to conduct research into Russia and issues related to Russia’s relations with EU with the aim of providing up-to-date information on different fields of technology and economics. NORDI’s core research areas are Russian business and economy, energy and environment, the forest cluster, the ICT sector, as well as logistics and transport infrastructure. The most outstanding characteristic of NORDI’s research activities is the way in which it integrates technology and economics. LUT has a long research tradition in making research and educating students in the field of communist and post-communist economies. From the point of view of these studies, LUT is ideally located in the Eastern part of Finland near the border between EU and Russia. This volume “EU’s New Neighbours: The Case of Ukraine” tells about Ukraine – one of the largest European countries, but surprisingly unknown for many Europeans. Authors aim to provide readers with overview of Ukrainian economy and politics and discuss investment climate in Ukraine, Ukrainian regions and investments in the different Ukrainian industries. The authors would like to express their gratitude the EU’s Interreg IIIA programme and the cities of Lappeenranta, Imatra and Joutseno and the Ministry of Education in Finland for their financial support towards NORDI. We also give our sincere thanks to our colleagues in Lappeenranta University of Technology: to Riitta Salminen for proof-reading of the book; to Professor Juha Väätänen and to NORDI’s coordinator Maija Toivonen for valuable comments, editing and support; to Natalia Dobrovolskaya and Antonio Saluena from Information Technology Department for technical assistance and comments, to Daria Palitsyna for help with proof-reading and editing. We also are thankful to Ukrainian specialists Alexander Marchenko and Artem Poddubny for help with collecting materials, creative ideas, comments and editing. Lappeenranta, March 2004 Professor, Ph.D. Tauno Tiusanen Director of Northern Dimension Research Centre Lappeenranta University of Technology MSc. Oksana Ivanova MSc. Daria Podmetina Researcher, PhD student Researcher, PhD student Lappeenranta University of Technology Lappeenranta University of Technology EU’s New Neighbours: The Case of Ukraine 5 1. Introduction The communist system of central planning collapsed in Europe in two waves. In 1989, the former Eastern bloc countries abandoned the undemocratic form of society in a peaceful manner. Two years later, the former Soviet Union comprising 15 republics, dissolved itself. This former superpower with 288 million inhabitants was divided in 15 independent states. Shortly after the collapse of the Soviet Union, a new edifice, the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), was created. Twelve former Soviet republics joined the CIS, which is a loose organisation with no supranational powers. Occasionally, CIS is called the former Soviet Union. This is not correct. Three former Soviet republics, the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) never joined the CIS. In the Soviet era, it was usual to point out that the Union had two big republics, Russia (with over 150 million inhabitants) and Ukraine (with more than 50 million citizens). In the post- Soviet period, Ukraine has hardly been in headlines in the financial press. There are several reasons for this fact. Ukraine has not been involved in the Eastern enlargement of EU. Even if Ukraine is rather big and resourceful country in European comparison, it is not a net exporter of energy bearers, like oil and natural gas.