Arbaminch University, Department of Hydraulic Eng’g HYDROPOWER ENGINEERING II LECTURE NOTE COMPILED BY: YONAS GEBRETSADIK LECTURER IN HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING ARBA MINCH WATER TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY JANUARY 2011 Hydropower Engineering-II Lecture Note/2010/2011 1 Arbaminch University, Department of Hydraulic Eng’g TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. HYDRAULIC TURBINES ............................................................................................................................. 5 1.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................................. 5 1.2 CLASSIFICATION .................................................................................................................................. 5 1.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF TURBINES ......................................................................................................... 6 1.4 PROCEDURE IN PRELIMINARY SELECTION OF TURBINES ...................................................................... 7 1.5 TURBINE SCROLL CASE ....................................................................................................................... 9 1.6 DRAFT TUBES .................................................................................................................................... 10 1.7 CAVITATION IN TURBINE & TURBINE SETTING ................................................................................. 11 1.8 GENERATORS AND TURBINE CONTROLS ............................................................................................ 12 1.9 TURBINE CONTROL ............................................................................................................................ 14 2. HYDROPOWER PROJECT INVESTIGATION AND PLANNING ................................................. 16 2.1 INVESTIGATION OF RESOURCES ......................................................................................................... 16 2.2 INVESTIGATION OF HYDROPOWER PROJECTS .................................................................................... 16 2.2.1 PLANNING PARAMETERS AND DATA ................................................................................................. 16 2.2.2 POWER MARKET ................................................................................................................................ 17 2.2.3 SUPPLY SYSTEM: ............................................................................................................................... 18 2.2.4 POWER MARKET SURVEYS: ............................................................................................................... 19 2.2.5 DEMAND FORECAST:.......................................................................................................................... 19 2.3 HYDROLOGY ..................................................................................................................................... 19 2.3.1 FLOW DURATION STUDIES: ................................................................................................................ 20 2.3.2 ESTIMATION OF FLOW TO UNGAUGED SITES: ..................................................................................... 20 2.3.3 ENERGY AND POWER ANALYSIS USING FLOW DURATION APPROACH ............................................... 25 2.3.4 WATER PRESSURE OR ‘HEAD’ ............................................................................................................ 26 2.3.5 RESIDUAL, RESERVED OR COMPENSATION FLOW ............................................................................... 27 2.3.6 TAIL WATER RELATIONSHIPS............................................................................................................. 27 2.4 ESTIMATION OF PLANT CAPACITY AND ENERGY OUTPUT ................................................................... 28 2.5 RESERVOIR (STORAGE) CAPACITY ..................................................................................................... 34 2.5.1 AREA CAPACITY CURVES .................................................................................................................. 35 2.5.2 RESERVOIR RULE CURVES................................................................................................................. 35 2.5.3 EVAPORATION LOSS EVALUATION FROM RESERVOIRS ...................................................................... 35 2.5.4 SPILLWAY DESIGN FLOOD ANALYSIS ................................................................................................ 36 2.6 GEOTECHNICAL STUDIES ................................................................................................................... 36 2.6.1 METHODOLOGIES TO BE USED ........................................................................................................... 37 2.7 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES................................................................................................................... 37 2.8 PROJECT APPRAISAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS ........................................................ 38 2.9 PLANNING ......................................................................................................................................... 39 3. POWER PLANT STATIONS: CONVENTIONAL TYPE OF POWER STATIONS ....................... 41 3.1 COMPONENTS OF HYDROPOWER PROJECTS ....................................................................................... 41 3.2 POWER HOUSE ................................................................................................................................... 42 3.2.1 POWER HOUSE TYPES ......................................................................................................................... 42 3.2.2 POWER HOUSE PLANNING .................................................................................................................. 43 3.2.3 COMPONENTS OF A POWER HOUSE ..................................................................................................... 46 3.3 LAYOUT AND DIMENSIONS OF POWER HOUSE .................................................................................... 47 3.3.1 LAYOUT OF GENERATING UNITS FOR SMALL HYDROPOWER: ............................................................ 47 3.3.2 PRELIMINARY DIMENSIONS OF POWER HOUSE FOR MEDIUM AND LARGE HYDRO (REACTION TURBINE INSTALLATION ................................................................................................................................... 49 4. UNDER GROUND POWER HOUSE .................................................................................................... 54 4.1 LOCATION OF UNDERGROUND POWER STATIONS .............................................................................. 54 4.2 ARRANGEMENTS OF UNDERGROUND POWER STATIONS ..................................................................... 55 4.3 COMPARING ABOVE–GROUND AND UNDERGROUND POWER HOUSE STATIONS (BASICS FOR COMPARISON OF POWER STATION ALTERNATIVES) ............................................................................ 57 4.4 THE FUNCTIONS OF THE POWERHOUSE COMPLEX ............................................................................... 58 4.5 THE POWER HOUSE COMPLEX ............................................................................................................ 58 4.5.1 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF UNDERGROUND POWER PLANTS ............................................................ 58 4.6 OVERALL PLANT LAYOUT ................................................................................................................. 59 4.7 POWERHOUSE TUNNEL SYSTEM ....................................................................................................... 60 Hydropower Engineering-II Lecture Note/2010/2011 2 Arbaminch University, Department of Hydraulic Eng’g 4.8 EXCAVATION EQUIPMENT AND CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES ........................................................... 61 4.9 TRANSFORMER ARRANGEMENTS AND LOCATIONS ............................................................................ 65 4.10 HYDROPOWER TUNNELS ................................................................................................................... 65 4.11 ROCK STRESSES ................................................................................................................................. 68 4.11.1 STRESSES NEAR CORNERS ................................................................................................................. 72 4.11.2 NORWEGIAN EXPERIENCE, EXAMPLES .............................................................................................. 74 4.11.3 ROCK STRESS MEASUREMENTS ......................................................................................................... 75 4.11.4 MODELING......................................................................................................................................... 75 4.11.5 TUNNELING METHODS ...................................................................................................................... 78 4.11.6 TUNNEL SUPPORTS ............................................................................................................................ 80 4.11.7 TUNNEL LOGGING ............................................................................................................................. 83 5. TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRIC POWER