Methods in Molecular Biology 2000 Volkmar Weissig Tamer Elbayoumi Editors Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Basic Protocols M ETHODS IN M OLECULAR B IOLOGY Series Editor John M. Walker School of Life and Medical Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL10 9AB, UK For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7651 Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Basic Protocols Edited by Volkmar Weissig and Tamer Elbayoumi Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA Nanomedicine Center of Excellence in Translational Cancer Research, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA Editors Volkmar Weissig Tamer Elbayoumi Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University Glendale, AZ, USA Glendale, AZ, USA Nanomedicine Center of Excellence Nanomedicine Center of Excellence in Translational Cancer Research in Translational Cancer Research Midwestern University Midwestern University Glendale, AZ, USA Glendale, AZ, USA ISSN 1064-3745 ISSN 1940-6029 (electronic) Methods in Molecular Biology ISBN 978-1-4939-9515-8 ISBN 978-1-4939-9516-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9516-5 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Humana imprint is published by the registered company Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. The registered company address is: 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, U.S.A. Preface This book is the continuation of our efforts to translate the progress being made in nanotechnology, as applied to Biomedical Science, into easy-to-follow protocols within the MiMB Springer Protocols series. In Methods in Molecular Biology volumes 605 [1] and 606 [2], we focused exclusively on liposomes, the very first FDA-approved pharmaceutical nanocarrier platform. In MiMB volume 991 [3], we expanded the scope of step-by-step protocols to a large variety of nanotechnologies used for probing, imaging, and manipulat- ing metabolic functions on cellular and subcellular levels. In this present volume, we introduce basic protocols needed for the formulation, surface modification, characteriza- tion, and application of a variety of pharmaceutical nanocarriers such as micelles, nanopar- ticles, dendrimers, carbon dots, polymersomes, and others. All protocols should be of particular interest to investigators working in academic and industrial laboratories conduct- ing research in the wide field of pharmaceutical sciences with an emphasis on drug delivery. All chapters were written by accomplished experts in their specific fields, and we are very grateful to all authors for having spent parts of their valuable time to contribute to this book. In an opening chapter, Sachin Kumar Singh reviews theories and practices of a large variety of nanovesicles. Vandana B. Patravale and her colleagues provide in two chapters detailed protocols for the preparation and characterization of micelles and of solid lipid nanoparticles, respectively. Amphiphilic mixed micelles—composed of polymeric phospho- lipid conjugates and PEG-succinate ester of tocopherol for improving berberine (an isoquinoline alkaloid) delivery into tumors—are described by Mingyi Yao and Tamer Elbayoumi, while Hayat Onyuksel and her colleagues give detailed protocols for the application of phospholipid micelles for peptide drug delivery. The design, preparation, and characterization of peptide-based nanocarriers for gene delivery are described by Saman Hosseinkhani and Mohsen Alipour. Protocols for the preparation and characterization of gelatin nanoparticles are provided by Rania M. Hathout and Abdelkader A. Metwally. Two protocol chapters were written by Ibrahim M. El-Sherbiny and co-workers; the first one discusses the green synthesis of chitosan-silver/chitosan-gold hybrid nanoparticles and the second one a method for the fabrication of chitosan-based nano-in-microparticles. Rakesh Tekade and his colleagues describe in one chapter the preparation of mucoadhesive den- drimers as solid dosage forms and, in another chapter, methods for the surface modification of nanoparticles employing polymer coating. Plant viral nanoparticles for the in situ vacci- nation of tumors are presented by Nicole Steinmetz and her group. A detailed and very comprehensive review chapter, by Mohamed Ismail Nounou, discusses the current state of the art in the area of bioconjugation as applied to targeted nanoscale drug delivery. Diana Guzman-Villanueva and Volkmar Weissig give a detailed protocol for the preparation of triphenylphosphonium-based mitochondria-targeted nanocarriers. Ildiko Badea and collea- gues discuss the preparation and characterization of peptide-modified gemini surfactants for gene delivery. The formulation of responsive carbon dots for anticancer drug delivery is presented by Yanli Zhao and Tao Feng. The application of click chemistry for the surface modification of nanocarriers is outlined in detail by Mark Helm and his coauthors. Another review chapter in our book is dedicated to the preparation and characterization of polymer- somes, written by Liyan Qiu and Yumiao Hu. Partially polymerized phospholipid vesicles for the efficient delivery of macromolecules are described by Tamer Elbayoumi and coauthors. v vi Preface Medha D. Joshi and colleagues provide protocols for the fabrication of nanostructured lipid carrier-based gels from microemulsion templates. Finally, novel approaches in studying nanoparticle-biological interactions are presented. The behavior of gold nanoparticles in aqueous solutions and their interaction with lipid membranes are discussed in a review chapter by Sohail Murad and his team. Hongda Wang and Mingjun Cai describe the use of atomic force microscopy for cell membrane investigations. Protocols for the physico- chemical characterization of phthalocyanine-functionalized quantum dots via capillary elec- trophoresis are provided by Anne Varenne and her colleagues, and the in vitro testing of nanotherapeutics utilizing tumor spheroids is described in detail by Gerard G.M. D’Souza and his group. It is our hope that our book will become an important source of know-how, as well as a source of inspiration to all investigators, who are as fascinated as we are about the potential of the merger of nanotechnology with pharmaceutical sciences. We would like to thank Patrick Marton and Monica Suchy for inviting us to edit this book; John Walker, the series editor of MiMB, for his unlimited guidance and help throughout the whole process; and David C. Casey for his help in getting this book into production. Glendale, AZ, USA Volkmar Weissig Tamer Elbayoumi References 1. Weissig V (ed) (2010) Liposomes: methods and protocols, vol 1: pharmaceutical nanocarriers. Springer protocols, MiMB 605. Humana Press, New York. pp 1–563 2. Weissig V (ed) (2010) Liposomes: methods and protocols, volume 2: biological membrane models. Springer protocols, MiMB 606. Humana Press, New York. pp 1–548 3. Weissig V, Elbayoumi T, Olsen M (eds) (2013) Cellular and subcellular nanotechnology: methods and protocols. Springer protocols, MiMB 991. Humana Press, New York, pp 1–370 Contents Preface . ................................................................... v Contributors................................................................. ix 1 Nanovesicles for Nanomedicine: Theory and Practices....................... 1 Sheetu Wadhwa, Varun Garg, Monica Gulati, Bhupinder Kapoor, Sachin Kumar Singh, and Neeraj Mittal 2 Preparation and Characterization of Micelles . .............................. 19 Vandana B. Patravale, Prashant G. Upadhaya, and Ratnesh D. Jain 3 Anionic and Cationic Vitamin E-TPGS Mixed Polymeric Phospholipid Micellar Vehicles............................................ 31 Mingyi Yao and Tamer Elbayoumi 4 Phospholipid Micelles for Peptide Drug Delivery ........................... 43 Karina Esparza, Dulari Jayawardena, and Hayat Onyuksel 5 Design, Preparation, and Characterization of Peptide-Based Nanocarrier for Gene Delivery............................................ 59 Mohsen Alipour and Saman Hosseinkhani 6 Gelatin Nanoparticles ................................................... 71 Rania M. Hathout and Abdelkader A. Metwally 7 Green Synthesis of Chitosan-Silver/Gold