STUDY REPORT AWARENESS ON ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT BY COMMUNITIES AND MUNICIPALITIES IN KENYA For the project Sound Chemicals Management Mainstreaming and UPOPs reduction in Kenya, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources BY Leah Oyake-Ombis, Ph,D P.O. Box 5064-00100 GPO Nairobi, Kenya OCTOBER 2017 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First, special thanks to both the Global Environment Facility (GEF) which funded the project and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) for having found is necessary to commission the assessment in Kenya. The Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources I am grateful to the role you have played in the whole process. Under the leadership of Mr. Kihumba, technical team meetings bringing professionals from different institutions were held where members provided useful inputs into the inception report as well as the draft report. Special thanks to Mr. Kihumba who always found time to review all the documents and further provided guidance on how to align the report to the project expected deliverables. My gratitude goes to the different personalities interviewed and assisted with other information during this assessment. County Government officials interviewed, you provided useful direction that informed the fieldwork approach while also being ready to engage on the subject. The 3R interviewees, I am forever indebted to you. While I am not able to mention each of you by name, without your eagerness to participate in this assessment and further your dynamism to forecast the future of 3R activities within the respective counties, the backbone to this report would not have been formulated. I invariably benefited from your diverse strengths starting from those who only picked different waste streams to those who sorted, bulked and sold and finally to those who made final product out of waste material. You were able to share freely your challenges while conducting 3R activities resulting in the grounding of this report and further leading to its uniqueness to the Kenyan situation in different local contexts. Finally, thanks to all the others who have contributed to the successful completion of this report in one way or the other and I have not been able to mention them. i | P a g e ABBREVIATIONS 3R Reduce, Recycle, Reuse ASK Agricultural Society of Kenya BATs Best Available Techniques BEPs Best Environmental Practices C40 Carbon 40 CBOs Community Based Organizations CRT Cathode Ray Tubes DRC Democratic Republic of Congo EA East Africa EIA Environmental impact assessments EMCA Environmental Management and Coordination Act, ENRED Environment, Natural Resources and Energy Department ESM Environmentally Sound Management GEF Global Environment Facility GHG Green House Gases HCB Hexachlorobenzene ICT Information Communication Technology ISWM Integrated Solid Waste Management KAM Kenya Association of Manufacturers KAM Kenya Association of Manufacturers KARA Kenya Alliance of Residence Association KIIs Key Informant Interviews KISWAMP Kisumu Integrated Sustainable Waste Management Project LDPE Low Density Polyethylene MEAs Multilateral Environmental Agreements MENR Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources MOH Ministry of Health ii | P a g e NACOSTI National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation NASWAMA Nakuru Solid Waste Management NEMA National Environment Management Authority NET Fund National Environment Trust Fund NGO Non-Governmental Organization NHIF National Hospital Insurance Fund NIP National Implementation Plan NSSF National Social Security Fund PCB Polychlorinated biphenyls PCDD Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins PCDF Polychlorinated dibenzofurans PERN Potential Education Research Network Prodoc Project Document SACCO Savings and Credit Cooperative Society SAICM Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Science SWM Solid Waste Management TEQ Total Equivalent ToR Terms of Reference UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment UPOPs Unintentionally Produced Persistent Organic Pollutants USAID United States Agency for International Development WEEE Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment iii | P a g e CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................................................................... i ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................................ ii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................. vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................. vii CHAPTER ONE: PROJECT BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION ............................................................ 1 1.1. Project Background................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2. About the Study ...................................................................................................................................... 3 1.3. Objectives of the Study ........................................................................................................................... 4 1.4. Study Scope ............................................................................................................................................ 4 CHAPTER TWO: STUDY APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ..................................................................... 5 2.1. Study Approach ............................................................................................................................................... 5 2.2. Methodology ........................................................................................................................................... 5 2.4. Sampling ...................................................................................................................................................... 6 2.5. Data analysis ........................................................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER THREE: POLICIES AND LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORKS GOVERNING SOUND MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTE IN KENYA .............................................................................................. 7 3.1 Constitution of Kenya (2010) ....................................................................................................................... 7 3.2 Vision 2030 ................................................................................................................................................... 8 3.3 Sessional Paper No. 10 on the National Environment Policy, 2014 ............................................................. 8 3.4 The Environmental Management and Coordination Act, 1999 (amended), 2015 ........................................ 9 a) Environmental Management and Coordination (Waste Management) Regulations, 2006 ................... 10 b) The Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003 and amendment (2015) ........ 10 c) Environmental Management and Coordination Act (Air Quality) Regulations, 2014 ......................... 11 3.5 Public Health Act, Revised Edition 2012 [1986] ........................................................................................ 11 3.6 The County Governments Act, 2012 .......................................................................................................... 12 FINDINGS ON COUNTY SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, 3R PROMOTION AND ITS RELATED ACTIVITIES ..................................................................................................................................... 13 General Overview ............................................................................................................................................. 13 CHAPTER FIVE: NAKURU COUNTY ............................................................................................................. 14 5.1 Institutional and Legal framework for solid waste management ................................................................ 14 5.2 Waste Streams and Existing Waste Management Practices in Nakuru County.......................................... 15 5.3 3R Promotion and its Related Activities in Nakuru County ....................................................................... 16 5.4 Non-State Actors in solid waste management, 3R Promotion and its related activities in Nakuru County17 5.5 Challenges of waste management, promotion of 3R and its related activities in Nakuru County ........ 21 CHAPTER SIX: KISUMU COUNTY ................................................................................................................. 23 6.1 Institutional and legal framework for solid waste management ................................................................. 23 iv | P a g e 6.2 Waste Streams and Existing Waste Management Practices in Kisumu County ......................................... 24 6.3 3R Promotion and its Related Activities in Kisumu County ...................................................................... 25