Journal of Contemporary Studies A biannual publication of Faculty of Contemporary Studies Patron-in-Chief Lieutenant General Majid Ehsan, HI (M), President, National Defence University, Islamabad. Chairman Prof. Dr. Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema, Dean, Faculty of Contemporary Studies, National Defence University, Islamabad. EDITORIAL BOARD Editor-in-Chief Prof. Dr. Zulfqar Khan Editor Prof. Dr. Shaheen Akhtar Assistant Editors Dr. Khuram Iqbal Dr. Afsah Qazi Ms. Anum Babur EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Prof. Ian Talbot, Professor of Modern British History at the University of Southampton, UK. Prof. Dr. Sally Wallace, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, USA. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Asutay School of Government and International Affairs, Durham University, UK. Prof. Marvin G. Weinbaum, Director for Pakistan Studies at the Middle East Institute, USA. Dr. Andrew Futter, Associate Professor of International Politics at University of University of Leicester, UK. Dr. Julian Droogan, Department of Security Studies and Criminology, Macquarie University, Australia. Dr. S. Gulden Ayman, Associate Professor, Marmara University Istanbul, Turkey. Dr. Nishchal N. Pandey, Director Centre for South Asian Studies, Kathmandu, Nepal. Dr. Ying Rong, Senior Research Fellow, China Institute of International Studies (CIIS). Professor Tim Edmunds, Director of Teaching and Learning School of Sociology, Politics and International Studies (SPAIS), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom. Dr. Hasan Askari Rizvi, Political and Defence Analyst, Pakistan. Dr. Moonis Ahmar, Dean, Faculty of Arts, University of Karachi, Pakistan. Dr. Rashid Ahmad Khan, Dean Social Sciences, University of Sargodha, Pakistan. Dr. Ejaz Hussain, Professor National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad. Summer 2017 Volume VI, Number 1 JOURNAL OF Editor-in-Chief Prof. Dr. Zulfqar Khan Editor Prof. Dr. Shaheen Akhtar Assistant Editors Dr. Khuram Iqbal Dr. Afsah Qazi Ms. Anum Babur Faculty of Contemporary Studies National Defence University Islamabad, Pakistan Editor’s Note The Journal of Contemporary Studies is a flagship publication of the Faculty of Contemporary Studies (FCS), National Defence University (NDU), Islamabad. It started with the unequivocal objective of advancing critically oriented, inter-disciplinary academic and intellectual discourse. It is a biannual, double blind peer-reviewed journal which offers its readers - in academia, the government as well as policymaking circles - insightful scholarly analyses, diverse policy perspectives on important contemporary issues, and ongoing debates concerning national and international security, public policy and the wider field of world politics This issue comprises of five articles, two book reviews and five documents providing valuable primary information on significant international developments. The first article, titled Comparative Study of Soft Power in South Asia: India and Pakistan by Dr. Saima Ashraf Kayani, Asia Karim and Raja Qaiser elucidate the concept and relevance of soft power in South Asia. It focuses on the cases of India and Pakistan and their global image. It argues that considering a number of post-independence crises such as the internal security issues, political instability, and War on Terror, Pakistan has struggled with its soft image and India has been comparatively successful here. Yet, still both India and Pakistan haven’t formulated a well-defined policy on how soft power is best utilized. The second article titled, State of Controlled Media in the Age of Globalization: A Case Study of Pakistan Television by Dr. Amna Mahmood and Noor-ul-Ain analyses the essential connection between globalization and media liberalization and explains how state-controlled media in today’s technological revolution still holds its ground. The authors, by taking Pakistan Television as a case study, underline that media regulations in developing democracies like Pakistan must be under parliament’s oversight for ensuring people’s right to information and media liberalization while simultaneously securing the national interests. The third article, Pak-India Composite Dialogue: Trends in Media Coverage by Dr. Muhammad Sajjad Malik examines media’s interaction with the peace process, which was abruptly suspended after the Mumbai attack in 2008. It offers content analysis of eight selected newspapers, four from each country, during nine selected days (sum of three 3-day periods) in January 2004, April 2005 and July 2006 each. It argues that the media went into an overdrive in giving coverage to the peace process yet it adopted the official jingoistic narrative, which in-turn limited the public’s exposure to information and discourse to promote peace. Towards the end it posits that the Pakistani media was found to be more optimistic than India in its peace coverage. The fourth article, Exploring the Role of Ideational Forces in Indo- Pak Relations by Fareha Iqtidar Khan entails an evaluation of the relationship between India and Pakistan with respect to the intangible ideational forces that shape the identity, security dynamics and political relations between the two. It analyses the various ways in which the ideational factors of religion and historical experiences come into play in the states’ discourses, the media and the non-state actors’ narrative. The last article, Indian Factor in Pak-Iran Relations by Muhammad Sohail and Hamid Iqbal examines the relationship between Pakistan and Iran since 1979. The authors argue that Pak-Iran divergence vis-a-vis Afghanistan served as a stimulus for Indo-Iranian strategic convergence, which India is exploiting to circumvent Pakistan in its western backyard. There is thus a great need to rejuvenate Pakistan-Iranian bilateral ties by boosting energy trade, developing border security mechanism and addressing the issue of terrorism. I am grateful to all the contributors who have sent their articles for this issue, and the anonymous peer-reviewers whose valuable comments helped authors to improve their contributions. We hope that the study of this journal will invoke desire among readers to contribute their perspectives in the ongoing academic discourses. Contributions are invited from a broad spectrum of related fields, like political science, security studies, political economy, terrorism, politics and religion, politics of energy, feminism, media and politics, management sciences, leadership psychology, military strategy, modern history, international law, sociology, education, conflict management and resolution, urban studies, demography, social anthropology, development studies, and foreign policy analysis etc. We are accepting articles for the upcoming issue of the Journal of Contemporary Studies based on an original qualitative or quantitative research, an innovative conceptual framework or a substantial literature review that opens new areas of inquiry and investigation. Case studies and comparative analyses are also welcome. The editorial team at the journal promotes submissions from expert analysts from around the world. The Journal seeks to promote a scholarly understanding of contemporary developments and changes related to aforementioned disciplines/fields of social sciences. It intends to stimulate interdisciplinary research and writing. Editor Dr. Shaheen Akhtar CONTENTS ARTICLES 1. Comparative Study of Soft Power in South Asia: 1 India and Pakistan Dr. Saima Ashraf Kayani, Asia Karim & Raja Qaiser 2. State of Controlled Media in the Age of 20 Globalization: A Case Study of Pakistan Television Dr. Amna Mahmood & Noor-ul-Ain 3. Pak-India Composite Dialogue: Trends in 36 Media Coverage Dr. Muhammad Sajjad Malik 4. Exploring the Role of Ideational Forces in Indo- 63 Pak Relations Fareha Iqtidar Khan 5. Indian Factor in Pak-Iran Relations 82 Muhammad Sohail & Hamid Iqbal BOOK REVIEWS 1. China-Pakistan Relations - A Historical Analysis 97 Ghulam Ali 2. Neighbours in Arms: An American Senator’s Quest for Disarmament in a Nuclear Subcontinent 100 Larry Lee Pressler 3. A World in Disarray: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Old Order 103 Richard Haas DOCUMENTS 1. Joint Communiqué of the Leaders Roundtable of the 106 Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation May 14 – 15 2017, Beijing, China. 2. Vladimir Putin spoke at the opening of the Belt and 112 Road International Forum in Beijing, May 14, 2017. 3. President Trump’s Speech to the Arab Islamic 116 American Summit, May 21, 2017. 4. Joint Statement – United States and India: Prosperity 124 Through Partnership, June 26, 2017. 5. Statement by President Trump on the Paris Climate 128 Accord, June 1, 2017. Soft Power in South Asia 1 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOFT POWER IN SOUTH ASIA: INDIA AND PAKISTAN Dr. Saima Ashraf Kayani, Asia Karim & Raja Qaiser Abstract The concept of soft power is new to South Asia. Two major countries, India and Pakistan, are struggling to improve their image globally. Both countries have enough sources to manifest soft power, however, culture, political values, and foreign policies are the parameters this research uses to analyse the relevance of soft power in South Asia. It is argued that due to difficult post- independence internal security issues, political instability, socio- economic conditions, Afghan jihad and War on Terror, it is hard for Pakistan to pay attention to its soft image. Comparatively, India has had more success in improving its image globally. Though both India and Pakistan are trying to improve their image globally