STRATEGIC SPATIAL PLANNING AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN TURKEY: ŞANLIURFA PROVINCIAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING CASE A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY BAHAR GEDİKLİ IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN CITY AND REGIONAL PLANNING OCTOBER 2004 vii Approval of the Graduate School of Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences. _______________________ Prof. Dr. Canan ÖZGEN Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _______________________ Prof. Dr. Ali TÜREL Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _______________________ Prof. Dr. Melih ERSOY Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. İlhan Tekeli (METU, CRP) _______________________ Prof.Dr. Melih Ersoy (METU, CRP) _______________________ Prof.Dr. Can Hamamcı (Ankara Unv.) _______________________ Assoc.Prof.Dr.H.Çağatay Keskinok (METU CRP) _______________________ Assoc.Prof.Dr.H.Tarık Şengül (METU ADM) _______________________ I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name : Bahar Gedikli Signature : iii ABSTRACT THE STRATEGIC SPATIAL PLANNING AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN TURKEY: THE ŞANLIURFA PROVINCIAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING CASE Gedikli, Bahar Ph.D., Department of City and Regional Planning Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Melih Ersoy October 2004, 275 pages This thesis aims at analyzing the strategic spatial planning, which has received widespread acceptance both in developed and developing countries. Turkey is one of the countries that has been trying to adopt this new tendency. Recently, Provincial Development Planning has been introduced into the Turkish planning system as a strategic planning attempt. This thesis evaluates the Şanlıurfa Provincial Development Planning case with respect to a set of criteria; underlines the role of contingent factors (specific actors in the process and their roles) in the satisfaction of these criteria; and highlights the role of place-specific factors (quality of social capital, level of economic development) in the planning process. The strategic planning is not merely concerned with the planning process; but also with implementation and monitoring stages. Therefore, the thesis stresses that these three integral stages –planning, implementation and monitoring—should be equally considered with agents, roles and resources so that the plans can be implemented. Keywords: strategic spatial planning, communicative rationality, collaboration, social capital, contingency iv 2 ÖZ STRATEJİK MEKAN PLANLAMASI VE TÜRKİYE’DE UYGULANMASI: ŞANLIURFA İL GELİŞME PLANLAMASI ÖRNEĞİ GEDİKLİ, Bahar Doktora, Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Melih ERSOY Ekim 2004, 275 sayfa Bu tezin amacı, hem gelişmiş hem de gelişmekte olan ülkelerde giderek yaygınlaşan stratejik mekan planlamasının incelenmesidir. Türkiye bu yeni planlama yaklaşımını benimseyen ülkeler arasındadır. İl Gelişme Planlaması, yakın geçmişte Türk planlama sistemine giren bir stratejik planlama deneyimidir. Bu tez Şanlıurfa İl Gelişme Planlaması örneğini genel bir ölçütler kümesine göre değerlendirmekte; bu ölçütlerin sağlanmasında rol oynayan olumsal faktörlerin (aktörler ve roller) altını çizmekte; ve yerele özgü özelliklerin planlama sürecindeki rolünü (sosyal sermayenin niteliği, ekomonik gelişmişlik düzeyi) vurgulamaktadır. Stratejik planlama sadece planlama aşamasını değil, uygulama ve denetleme aşamalarını da kapsayan bir yaklaşımdır. Bu nedenle, tez ayrıca, planların uygulanabilmesi için, bu üç birbiriyle bağımlı aşamanın (planlama, uygulama, denetim), aktörler, roller ve kaynaklar ile beraber, eşit ölçüde dikkate alınması gerektiğini belirtmektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: stratejik mekan planlaması, iletişimsel akılcılık, birlikte çalışma, sosyal sermaye, olumsallık v vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I express sincere appreciation to Prof. Dr. Melih Ersoy for his guidance, advice, criticism and encouragement throughout the research. I would like to thank the examining committee members Prof. Dr. İlhan Tekeli, Prof.Dr. Can Hamamcı, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Çağatay Keskinok, and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tarık Şengül for their suggestions, comments and the time they patiently devoted. I would like to acknowledge the assistance of various experts who worked for the Şanlıurfa Provincial Development Planning, especially Filiz Doğanay and Rıfat Dağ. I also would like to thank my friends and colleagues Ela Babalık-Sutcliffe, Pınar Aypek Türker, Müge Akkar, Nil Uzun, Bora Egemen, Anlı Ataöv, for their contributions and comments. Besides I offer sincere thanks to my friends; Zeynep Esra Alkan, Colin Sutcliffe, Ayşe Uras, Atila Uras, Kutay Karabağ, Demir Devecigil, Özlem Savacı, Alpaslan Savacı, Didem Kılıçkıran, who showed me a great deal of patience by listening all my complaints throughout this study. I would like to extend my thanks to Prof. Alessandro Balducci and Prof. Luigi Mazza for their support and comments. Finally, I am fully indebted to my parents Selçuk and Saime Gedikli; my sisters Pınar, Damla, Şule; and all my family (Gediklis), who supported me in every aspect throughout the study. This thesis is dedicated to them. viiivi TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM ...........................................................................................iii ABSTRACT ..............................................................................................iv ÖZ ..............................................................................................................v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...........................................................................vi TABLE OF CONTENTS...........................................................................vii LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................xii LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................xiv CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................1 II. LEADING FACTORS TO THE STRATEGIC SPATIAL PLANNING: CHANGING CIRCUMSTANCES CREATED BY THE GLOBAL CAPITALISM .............................................................................................8 II.1. HOW DIFFERENT THE GLOBALIZATION ERA IS ....................................9 II.1.1. THE NEW LOGIC OF CAPITAL ACCUMULATION ..........................11 II.1.2. TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES .......................................................12 II.2. IMPLICATIONS ON THE SPATIAL PLANNING .......................................15 II.3. CRITICAL VIEWS RELATED TO THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON PLANNING ......................................................................................................16 III. NEW PLANNING: A PARADIGM SHIFT? .........................................17 III.1. PARADIGMS AND PARADIGM CHANGES ............................................20 III.2. TOWARDS A PARADIGM SHIFT IN URBAN PLANNING .......................21 vii IV. THE PATH TO THE INTRODUCTION OF THE STRATEGIC SPATIAL PLANNING ..............................................................................................27 IV.1. PLANNING DURING PRE-1960S............................................................29 IV.2. 1960S ONWARDS: THE RATIONAL-COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING ...30 IV.2.1. RATIONALITY..................................................................................31 IV.2.2. COMPREHENSIVE URBAN PLANNING.........................................32 IV.2.3. WHAT THE RATIONAL-COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING AIMED AT .....................................................................................................................33 IV.3. CRITICISMS OF THE RATIONAL-COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING AND INTERMEDIATE POSITIONS UNTIL THE 1980S............................................33 IV.3.1. DISJOINTED INCREMENTALISM...................................................33 IV.3.2. ADVOCACY PLANNING..................................................................37 IV.3.3. INFERENCES FROM THE INTERMEDIARY VIEWS ON PLANNING AND EVIDENCES FOR THE CURRENT TENDENCIES............................38 V. THE RECOGNITION OF A NEW APPROACH: THE STRATEGIC SPATIAL PLANNING WITH ITS KEY DIMENSIONS..............................40 V.1. THE ROOTS OF “STRATEGY” AND “STRATEGIC PLANNING”.............40 V.2. CONTEXTUAL DIMENSION ....................................................................44 V.2.1. DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY ........................................................44 V.2.1.1. Deliberative Democracy: Its Particularities.................................45 V.2.2. NEW TIME-SPACE COMPREHENSION..........................................47 V.2.2.1. Network Society .........................................................................48 V.2.2.2. Relational Time-Space ...............................................................49 V.2.2.3. Time-Space Compression..........................................................49 V.2.2.4. Binary Characteristics of Time And Space.................................50 V.2.2.5. New Time-Space of Spatial Planning.........................................50