Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Open Access Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 4-2016 An evaluation of noise reduction strategies at large commercial airports in the United States: A policy analysis and framework classification Tyler Spence Purdue University Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations Part of the Public Policy Commons, Sustainability Commons, and the Transportation Commons Recommended Citation Spence, Tyler, "An evaluation of noise reduction strategies at large commercial airports in the United States: A policy analysis and framework classification" (2016). Open Access Dissertations. 706. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations/706 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. Graduate School Form 30 Updated 12/26/2015 PURDUE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL Thesis/Dissertation Acceptance This is to certify that the thesis/dissertation prepared By Tyler Brogden Spence Entitled AN EVALUATION OF NOISE REDUCTION STRATEGIES AT LARGE COMMERCIAL AIRPORTS IN THE UNITED STATES: A POLICY ANALYSIS AND FRAMEWORK CLASSIFICATION For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Is approved by the final examining committee: Dr. Richard O. Fanjoy Chair Dr. Patricia A. Boling Dr. Sarah M. Hubbard Dr. Thomas Q. Carney To the best of my knowledge and as understood by the student in the Thesis/Dissertation Agreement, Publication Delay, and Certification Disclaimer (Graduate School Form 32), this thesis/dissertation adheres to the provisions of Purdue University’s “Policy of Integrity in Research” and the use of copyright material. Approved by Major Professor(s): Dr. Richard O. Fanjoy Approved by: Dr. Kathryne A. Newton 4/5/2016 Head of the Departmental Graduate Program Date AN EVALUATION OF NOISE REDUCTION STRATEGIES AT LARGE COMMERCIAL AIRPORTS IN THE UNITED STATES: A POLICY ANALYSIS AND FRAMEWORK CLASSIFICATION A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Purdue University by Tyler Spence In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2016 Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana ii To my family for their endless support iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Completing my graduate career, culminating in this dissertation, would not have been possible without the support of my family, friends, and colleagues in and out of academia. Their guidance and wisdom kept me on track and in the right direction to accomplish all of my educational goals. I would first like to thank my advisor of five years, Dr. Richard O. Fanjoy. He successfully guided me through the master’s and PhD programs, always pushing me to do my best work and keeping me from trying to accomplish the impossible. His advice about life, career, and school helped me tremendously to stay focused on what was right for me. I would also like to thank the faculty thank my committee, Dr. Thomas Carney, Dr. Pat Boling, and Dr. Sarah Hubbard. Their knowledge and advice was, and is, always greatly appreciated. I also want to thank my parents, Roland and Cara Lee Spence, and my brother, Neil Spence, for the unwavering support. Finally, without my fiancée, Yoonyoung Kwak, I do not know how far I could have gone. Her critiques, discussions, and advice saved me on more than one occasion. I cannot wait to begin our marriage journey soon! iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ x CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1 1.1 Statement of the Problem ..................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research Questions .............................................................................................. 4 1.3 Scope .................................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Significance of the Problem ................................................................................. 5 1.5 Statement of Purpose ............................................................................................ 6 1.6 Statement of Purpose ............................................................................................ 7 1.7 Assumptions ......................................................................................................... 8 1.8 Limitations ............................................................................................................ 9 1.9 Delimitations ...................................................................................................... 10 1.10 Chapter Summary ............................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE .............................................................. 11 2.1 Organizational Structures Regulating Aircraft Noise ......................................... 11 2.2 Aircraft Noise Measures ..................................................................................... 18 2.3 Noise LImitations on Manufactured Aircraft ..................................................... 23 2.4 Institutional Frameworks for Aircrat noise Mitigation....................................... 28 v Page 2.5 Concerns about Aircraft Noise impacting Health .............................................. 34 2.6 Principal Economic Approaches to Noise Regulation ....................................... 39 2.7 Airport Strategies to Combat Noise ................................................................... 46 2.8 Chapter Summary ............................................................................................... 48 CHAPTER 3. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 49 3.1 Research Type and Framework .......................................................................... 49 3.2 Potential Threats to Validity ............................................................................... 50 3.3 Data Collection ................................................................................................... 51 3.4 Research Questions ............................................................................................ 52 3.5 Research Method ................................................................................................ 53 3.5.1 Latent Class Analysis .................................................................................. 54 3.5.2 Multinomial Logistic Regression ................................................................ 55 3.5.3 Assumptions of Multinomial Logistic Regression ..................................... 57 3.6 Data Analysis ...................................................................................................... 58 3.6.1 LCA Method ............................................................................................... 58 3.6.2 MNLR Method............................................................................................ 60 3.7 Chapter Summary ............................................................................................... 64 CHAPTER 4. DATA AND FINDINGS ..................................................................... 65 4.1 Potential airport noise pollution mitigation strategies ........................................ 65 4.2 Review of Research Questions and Concepts .................................................... 70 4.3 Research Question 1 ........................................................................................... 70 4.3.1 Categorizing Noise Mitigation Policies at Airports .................................... 70 4.3.2 LCA Results for 6 Policy Categories .......................................................... 77 4.4 Airports by Policy Grouping .............................................................................. 78 4.4.1 Group 1 Airports ......................................................................................... 79 4.4.2 Group 2 Airports ......................................................................................... 81 4.4.3 Group 3 Airports ......................................................................................... 82 4.4.4 Group 4 Airports ......................................................................................... 84 vi Page 4.4.5 Group 5 Airports ......................................................................................... 85 4.4.6 Group 6 Airports ......................................................................................... 87 4.5 Research Question 2 ........................................................................................... 88 4.5.1 Airport Community Demogrpahics ............................................................ 88 4.5.2 Multinomial Logistic Regression Results ................................................... 91 4.6 Changing the Reference Groups ......................................................................... 96 4.6.1 Group 2 as Reference .................................................................................. 96 4.6.2