Part II Waterway Scaling on Regions Tongzhou Tianjin Cangzhou Dezhou Beijing 165 Linqing Liaocheng Ji’ning Taier zhuang Xuzhou Suqian Huaiyin Zhenjiang Yangzhou Changzhou Hangzhou Suzhou Wuxi Jiaxing 0 5km Figure 7-1 Urban forms of waterway and 18 cities in the early 20th century. Waterway Scaling Regional Development—— A Cultural Landscape Perspective in China Grand Canal Tianjin Cangzhou Beijing Tongzhou Dezhou 166 Linqing Liaocheng Ji’ning Taier zhuang Xuzhou Suqian Huaiyin Yangzhou Zhenjiang Changzhou Suzhou Wuxi Jiaxing Hangzhou Figure 7-2 Prototypes of waterway and 18 cities in the early 20th century. Part II Waterway Scaling on Regions different water values for cities, such as ecological, recreational, transportation, etc. Compare representative 18 cities of canal, we Chapter 7 Regions of Waterway could understand the way how the city was treating its waterway. I analyzed that a pre-industrial walled city could have five typical relationships to the 7.1 Introduction waterway, and now it would leave only one simple pattern. Waterway is a corridor working on the spatial regional and metropolitan plan. A diachronic analysis tries to explain regions of waterway by two periods: the first period is when This chapter described the historical and modern the Grand Canal belonged to the empire, but none Grand Canal in its cities, how the waterway working of the walled cities could open their door to this as one articulation part in ancient city and modern waterway excepted the capital Beijing; the second 167 metropolis areas, even though some of the waterways period is when cities have expanded to a larger urban have lost navigable capacity. area after industrial revolution, the Grand Canal City of canal has always kept growing was involved dozens of kilometres into rapid urban its urban area, however, the Grand Canal also expansion. From this two periods, waterway and plays an important role in economic activity and urban boundary are two references to consider their transportation. Grand Canal has experienced from an relationship, and then concern about the changing official waterway controlled by one empire, become contents of the cultural landscape of Grand Canal. a regional waterway string those different natural and From 19th century ancient maps and earlier cultural characters together were administered by 20th century military cartography, the earliest urban modern metropolitan area. expanding area could redraw when the city wall still The waterway has changed its size, location, and existed in that time. The other side, nowadays, the 18 function in recent years, it has developed to dozens cities of canal have their new defined new boundaries of kilometres length regional rivers, which has in metropolitan plans that are developed under a Waterway Scaling Regional Development—— A Cultural Landscape Perspective in China Grand Canal background of regional development, most of them come up to 2020, present that how the waterway passing through the old city, central city, urban clusters and new urban district, to combined with urban structure. The obvious values of cultural landscapes existed in some places between 18 cities and their waterways. The waterway is not only completely 1800 kilometres national water transport line, it made an effort to strongly linking the region of waterway again. The cultural landscape of Grand Canal has combined the natural and cultural elements again which inherited the identity of this great waterway. 168 Part II Waterway Scaling on Regions 7.2 Five traditional patterns of the waterway's and sectional elements of the waterway, such as the relation to walled cities during the imperial water gate and wall gate on the walled city, where the principal road connected or parallel to the waterway; time. urban expanding on the riverbank with commercial streets inside and outside of city. Grand Canal was used as a royal waterway transport goods to capital Beijing from many other This part concludes that city of the canal have cities of canal. We could read more cartographical five basic types when the Grand Canal was used as information about this situation from historical an imperial waterway. They are explaining how the records, such as the Map of Grand Canal and its regional waterway influenced local city growing, Cities made by 18-19th century, which described and how the urban area developed articulation for the water route of Grand Canal never entered these waterway working well. cities, except to Beijing city, because the Grand Canal was an imperial water route in that time. 7.2.1 The waterway crossing the capital city, a case However, the waterway and the 18 cities of canal study of Beijing. 169 had five typical relations to each other, when the water route also severed as regional transporting Shi Cha Hai was an artificial lake as ended node line for its riverside cities: waterway was crossing of waterway in Beijing, the capital city, it was the city in Beijing; waterway was encircling city in last transport station to collect the treasure from other Su Zhou, Changzhou, Wu Xi, Jia Xing; waterway provinces, and the end of Grand Canal. Inside Beijing was semi-circle around city in Yangzhou, Zhen city, after crossing the walled area, the waterway Jiang, Hangzhou; waterway was tangent to city flew into a northern artificial lake, Shi Cha Hai91, in Tongzhou, Lin Qing, Ji Ning, Tai'er Zhuang, here was a large inner port for imperial fleets, earlier Xu Zhou, Su Qian, Huai An; and last situation, the transported construction materials for building the waterway was separate away from city, Cangzhou, capital. After the royal family moved to Beijing, this De Zhou, Liao Cheng. 91 Shi Cha Hai, is a ancient artificial lake built in 13th century, it was one natural reference when the empire constructed the Beijing capital. The ancient maps of city and waterway recorded The lake even defined the urban axis line, the central axis line closed to more detail information that have shown us nodal the lake area, and surround wall were positioned by this lake. In a sense, people say that Shi Cha lake was born earlier than its city, Beijing. Waterway Scaling Regional Development—— A Cultural Landscape Perspective in China Grand Canal lake had become an important trading area inner city. In this waterline, Beijing city has some more Waterfront had the fair market to sell living materials nodes: the land gate on the central axis of Beijing, and commodities, such as the coal, silk, grain from Zheng Yang gate, it was crossing waterway in outer southern China. Shi Cha Hai lake was a commercial city, was an entrance to the large market areas, where centre surrounded by the main street follow the shape included the water gate less than 1000 metres away of waterline, very different to the ancient orthogonal from Zheng Yang gate; the other node of waterline, streets system. was the port at Dong Bian gate on the northeast corner of outer city, it was located the national tax The imperial city section of waterway was cut house, also a station for transferring grain from by into palace area, in the south area of Shi Cha Hai 92 imperial fleets to national grain depots , which lake. This section has 3 kilometres long and next expanded 2 kilometres long outside the city. to palace eastern wall. This waterway only offered goods for royal family, because the different kinds of When Grand Canal was crossing the capital city, a warehouse located close to the waterline, separated Beijing, the urban nodes generated by waterway, had 170 in a different storehouse, such as silks and textiles, different urban function, the commercial and trade the utensils of porcelain and ceramics, liquid drink of centre for civic life, the warehouse area for royal alcoholic or vintage, etc. This section was transport family, tax house and national grain depot station. line without any commercial activity, aesthetic The section of this waterway also participated landscape, just a waterway served for warehouse area developing the urban functions. inner imperial palace. 7.2.2 The waterway encircling the city, a case study of The other inner section of waterway was another public trade area, but used more for common people Su Zhou who lived in the capital, not royal or nobleman. In 1553, Ming dynasty, the Beijing city has expanded to south area, had one more outer city which protected 92 Originally the Beijing city had seven official grain depots located in by 14 kilometres length and almost 8 meter height the eastern urban area, closed to city gate Chao Yang. They were grain reserves for whole Beijing city, most of grain were transported by Grand brick city wall. This wall involved the previous Canal. In 1796-1820, two more grain depots constructed 2 kilometres market area along the Grand Canal. outside of city gate Chao Yang, and southern connected to another gate Dong Bian, where it was the first water gate and port near the city port. Part II Waterway Scaling on Regions 171 Chart 7-1 Waterway entered Bei Jing walled city Waterway Scaling Regional Development—— A Cultural Landscape Perspective in China Grand Canal Four cities, Su Zhou, Chang Zhou, Wu Xi, and Jia Waterway ring is one character in transport circle Xing, they have giant waterway ring encircled walled surround city. This ring could connect another cities. The ancient maps recorded this situation, even smaller urban rivers inside city and regional river well-kept until now. to surround towns and villages. Cities of canal like Su Zhou, Wu Xi, Chang Zhou and Jia Xing, they are located in the eastern flat and lowland area of Except to Beijing, Su Zhou is one of the biggest China, so that many water network spreading in walled city along the grand Canal, it was a political their regions.