INTEGRATIVE ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT: DESIGNING CITIES AND CO-CREATING THE FLOURISHING ECOSYSTEM by LARRY CLAY, JR. Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Weatherhead School of Management Designing Sustainable Systems CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY August, 2021 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES We hereby approve the dissertation of Larry Clay, Jr. candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy*. Committee Chair Chris Laszlo, Ph.D., Case Western Reserve University Committee Member Kalle Lyytinen, Ph.D., Case Western Reserve University Committee Member Jacqueline Stavros, D.M., Lawrence Technical University Committee Member Matthew Cole, Ph.D., Lawrence Technical University Date of Defense June 14, 2021 *We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained therein. © Copyright by Larry Clay, Jr., 2021 All Rights Reserved. Table of Contents List of Tables .................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures .................................................................................................................. viii Abstract ............................................................................................................................... x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL FRAMING ...................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................... 15 The Meta-Integrative Focal Lens to Cities as Sustainable Ecosystems ...................... 17 The Developmental Focal Lens to Flourishing CASE ............................................... 25 The Macromanagement Lens for Whole Systems Flourishing ................................... 32 The Meta-organization Lens of Sustainable Innovation Governance ......................... 39 The Dynamic Capabilities Lens for Developing Ecosystem Innovation .................... 46 Meta-theorizing Integrative Management for City Ecosystem Flourishing ............... 61 CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH DESIGN ............................................................................... 81 Research Questions ..................................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER 5: STUDY 1 - QUALITATIVE STUDY - META-ORGANIZING IN AMERICAN CITIES................................................................................................... 90 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 90 Literature Review........................................................................................................ 93 Research Design.......................................................................................................... 98 Findings..................................................................................................................... 102 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 114 Implications............................................................................................................... 119 CHAPTER 6: STUDY 2 - QUANTITATIVE: A MACROMANAGEMENT SCALE DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................................. 125 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 125 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................. 128 Research Design........................................................................................................ 142 Measures. ............................................................................................................ 142 Sample................................................................................................................. 146 Procedures ........................................................................................................... 147 Analyses .............................................................................................................. 149 Results ....................................................................................................................... 154 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 158 iv CHAPTER 7: STUDY 3 – fsQCA: CONFIGURAL IDENTIFICATION OF FACTORS RELATED TO CITY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PERFORMANCE TOWARDS FLOURISHING CITIES AS SUSTAINABLE ECOSYSTEMS............................................................................................................... 162 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 162 Research Design........................................................................................................ 166 Research content ................................................................................................. 166 Data collection .................................................................................................... 167 Interviews ............................................................................................................ 168 Documentation .................................................................................................... 169 Data analysis ....................................................................................................... 170 Fuzzy set QCA .................................................................................................... 171 Domain and causal conditions identification ...................................................... 172 Causal condition calibration ............................................................................... 174 Outcome classification and calibration ............................................................... 176 Pathway identification, truth table, and interpretation ........................................ 176 Results ....................................................................................................................... 177 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 182 Pathways to high performance ............................................................................ 182 Pathways to poor performance............................................................................ 188 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 191 CHAPTER 8: INTEGRATED CONCLUSION ............................................................. 194 The Importance of Macromanagement ..................................................................... 198 The Importance of Meta-Organization Formation and Developing Dynamic Capabilities ............................................................................................................... 201 Implications............................................................................................................... 210 Contribution to scholarship ................................................................................. 210 Contribution to practice ...................................................................................... 210 Limitations and Future Research .............................................................................. 211 APPENDIX ..................................................................................................................... 215 Appendix A: Quotes From Qualitative Study ................................................................. 215 Appendix B: Qualitative Sample City/Interviewee Demographics ................................ 216 Appendix C: Qualitative City Sample and Interviewee Characteristics ......................... 217 Appendix D: Qualitative Thematic Coding Process ....................................................... 218 Appendix E: Qualitative Interview Protocol and Interview Questions .......................... 219 v Appendix F: Quantitative Survey Instrument ................................................................. 222 Appendix G: Sample Demographics of Quantitative Study ........................................... 226 Appendix H: Total Variance Explained .......................................................................... 227 Appendix I: Quantitative Unobserved Variable Correlation Matrix .............................. 228 Appendix J: Quantitative Three-Factor Pattern Matrix .................................................. 229 Appendix K: fsQCA City Case Characteristics and Domain Conditions ....................... 230 Appendix L: Direct Calibration Condition ..................................................................... 231 Appendix M: Outcome Indirect Calibration ................................................................... 232 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 233 vi List of Tables Table 1: Unit Theories, Study, and Empirical