Timothy J. White, Xavier University Institute of World Politics Washington, DC March 18, 2014 Various groups learned different lessons from the peace process in Northern Ireland, and their positions and identities evolved through the process. President Clinton on the Mall in Armagh, September 3, 1998 John Hume – Leader of Social Democratic Labour Party (SDLP) 1979 - 2001 David Trimble – Leader of the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) 1995-2005 Gerry Adams – President of Sinn Féin 1983 - Present Tony Blair – British Prime Minister 1997-2007 Bertie Ahern – Irish Taoiseach 1997-2008 1609 Plantation of Ulster debtors, criminals, and Presbyterians Church of Ireland refused to recognize Did not have full political rights Economic inequality 1641 Massacre of Irish Protestants 1689 Siege of Derry 1680s-1776: 250,000 Ulster-Scots to U.S. After American Revolution: additional 500,000 = single largest movement of any group from the British and Irish Isles to British North America during the 18th century Majority arrived in Philadelphia and settled in Pennsylvania Appalachian culture and lifestyle It is important to be as inclusive as possible of all parties when negotiating peace. There should be as few preconditions for negotiations as possible to encourage all to participate. Jonathan Powell – Chief of Staff to Tony Blair (1997-2007) Providing security is critical in peace processes. Members included its Chair Chris Patten (Top Center) and from left Kathleen O’Toole, Clifford Shearing, and Maurice Hayes P.S.N.I. Police Service of Northern Ireland formed Nov 4, 2001 The role of third parties should not be exaggerated. However, they can play a positive role in mediating conflict. Economic aid is integral to peace building and is part of a multitrack peace process. Peace processes are often negotiated by political elites, but it is important to focus on the need for grassroots reconciliation. 100 90 80 70 60 50 Catholic 40 Protestant 30 No Religion 20 10 0 Mixing Separation No Response 80 70 60 50 Catholic 40 Protestant No religion 30 20 10 0 Better Worse About the same Other Don't know 70 60 50 40 Catholic Protestant 30 No religion 20 10 0 Better Worse About the same Other Don't know 100.00% 90.00% 80.00% 70.00% 60.00% 50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00% 18-24 (n=128) 25-34 (n=205) 35-44 (n=227) 45-54 (n=219) 55-64 (n=197) 65+ (n=212) Total (N=1188) Unionist Nationalist Neither Other NoR Peace processes require intense engagement with the issues associated with the conflict by all parties. The peace process should support the moderates who take risks for peace so that they are not outflanked by critics (spoilers) of the peace process. David Trimble (left) Leader of Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) 1995-2005, Bono, and John Hume (right) Leader of Social Democratic & Labour Party (SDLP) 1979-2001 Changes in world politics and the domestic circumstances of the conflicting parties may help alter the conditions that make peace more likely. Timothy J. White, Xavier University Institute of World Politics Washington, DC March 17, 2014.