LIMBIC SYSTEM © David Kachlík 30.9.2015 Limbic system • „visceral brain“ • management of homeostasis • emotional reactions • sexual behavior • care for offspring • social behavior • memory and motivation • control of autonomic functions © David Kachlík 30.9.2015 © David Kachlík 30.9.2015 Classification • cortical – regions correspond to cortical areas according to their histological structure – functional zones related to functional connection • subcortical (nuclei) – within tele-, di-, mesencephalon, pons © David Kachlík 30.9.2015 Cortical regions • paleocortical – primary olfactory cortex • archicortical = hippocampal formation – hippocampus – subiculum – gyrus dentatus • mesocortical (transitional) – area entorhinalis et perirhinalis – presubiculum • neocortical – area subcallosa – gyrus cinguli – gyrus parahippocampalis © David Kachlík 30.9.2015 Zones • innermost zone – corpora mammillaria, fornix, fimbria hippocampi • inner zone(„gyrus intralimbicus Brocae“) – hippocampus, gyrus dentatus, indusium griseum • outer zone („gyrus limbicus“) – subiculum, presubiculum, parasubiculum – area entorhinalis – uncus g.p. et gyrus parahippocampalis – gyrus cinguli, area subcallosa • neocortical paralimbic cortex – insula, anterior pole of temporal lobe, medial and orbital part of frontal lobe © David Kachlík 30.9.2015 © David Kachlík 30.9.2015 © David Kachlík 30.9.2015 Subcortical – nuclei • corpus amygdaloideum • septum verum • nucleus accumbens • ncl. mammillares • ncll. habenulares • ncll. anteriores thalami • ncl. interpeduncularis • (ncl. tegmentalis dorsalis Guddeni) • ncl. parabrachiales med.+lat. © David Kachlík 30.9.2015 Chemical nuclei • monoaminergic – catecholaminergic system • adrenergic • dopaminergic – serotonergic • cholinergic • histaminergic • glutamatergic • GABAergic © David Kachlík 30.9.2015 © David Kachlík 30.9.2015 Chemical nuclei noradrenergic system • noradrenalin (norepinephrin, NA) • A1-A7 (RF of pons and medulla oblongata) • autoregulation of cerebral arteries • modulation of activity of neuronal circuits of all levels of CNS • systems of attention, emotions and behavior, consciousness and memory • part of ARAS • locus caeruleus (A7) – medulla, nuclei of brainstem and cerebellum – thalamus, hypothalamus, neocortex, hippocampus, corpus amygdaloideum © David Kachlík 30.9.2015 Chemical nuclei dopaminergic system • dopamine (D) • motorics, reaction of reward and punishment, perception of reality • sleep and vigilance, attention and memory, learning ability • nucleus retrorubralis (A8) – to hippocampal formation • pars compacta substantiae nigrae (A9) – to striatum (nigrostriatal tract) for proper activity of BG • nucleus subbrachialis (area ventralis tegmentalis Tsai – A10) – mesolimbic, mesocortical and tuberoinfundibular – to prefrontal cortex and M1, corpus amygdaloideum, hypothalamus, striatum, ncl. accumbens and other parts of limbic systém – tuberoinfundibular projection (from ncl. arcuatus hypothalami) inhibits secretion of prolactine© David Kachlík (milk 30.9.2015 production and libido) Chemical nuclei serotonergic system • serotonine (5-HT) • system of „mood and anxiety“ • B1-B9 (ncll. raphes) • medulla, brainstem, cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus, cortex and limbic system • changes of mood and behavior • tractus raphespinalis – suppression of pain transmission in posterior horns of spinal cord © David Kachlík 30.9.2015 Chemical nuclei cholinergic system • acetylcholine (Ach) • Ch1-Ch6 • septum verum (Ch1) – to hippocampus and corpus amygdaloideum • limbic system (Ch2-3) • nucleus basalis Meynerti (Ch4) – to cerebral cortex, hippocampus and corpus amygdaloideum – behavior and cognitive function (consciousness, memory, learning) • RF (Ch5-6) – part of ARAS (extrapyramidal motorics and limbic circuits) © David Kachlík 30.9.2015 Chemical nuclei histaminergic system • histamine (H) • posterior hypothalamus – transmission of pain, motorics, thermoregulation, biorythms, food and fluids intake – ncl. tuberomammillaris • to cortex and medulla • vigilance-sleep cycle – supply of histamine is crucial for arousal © David Kachlík 30.9.2015 Chemical nuclei glutamatergic system • glutamate (Glu) • principal excitatory mediator of CNS • majority of tracts and circuits – ncl. subthalamicus – neurons of cerebral and cerebellar cortex © David Kachlík 30.9.2015 Chemical nuclei GABAergic system • gama-aminobutyric acid (GABA) • principal inhibitory mediator of CNS – glycine in medulla ! • majority of cortical and subcortical structures © David Kachlík 30.9.2015 Chemical nuclei • cholinergic nuclei: ncl. basalis Meynerti, ncl. tractus diagonalis Brocae + septalis med. v septum verum, ncl. preopticus magnocellularis v hypothalamu • dopaminergic nuclei : pars compacta substantiae nigrae, nucleus subbrachialis formationis reticularis (= area tegmentalis ventralis Tsai) • noradrenergic nuclei : locus caeruleus • serotonergic nuclei : ncl. raphei med.+dors., ncl. centralis superior tegmenti Bechterevi (v RF) • histaminergic nuclei: ncl. tuberomamillaris hypothalami © David Kachlík 30.9.2015 Olfaction • cortex piriformis – in rostral part of temporal lobe • cortical part of corpus amygdaloideum • uncus gyri parahippocampalis • rostral end of gyrus parahippocampalis • area entorhinalis = area28 • highest center of olfaction – orbitofrontal cortex © David Kachlík 30.9.2015 Hippocampal formation • hippocampus proprius • subiculum • gyrus dentatus • function: storing of information into long-term memory (consolidation of memory trace) • AF: area enthorinalis, thalamus, association areas of neocortex (via gyrus cinguli et parahippocampalis) • stimulation: NA (A6), Ach (Ch1), 5-HT (B1-9) • EF: fornix → hypothalamus → thalamus area entorhinalis ©→ David association Kachlík 30.9.2015 areas of neocortex © David Kachlík 30.9.2015 Hippocampus proprius = cornu Ammonis • part of gyrus parahippocampalis facing cornu inferius ventriculi lateralis (5 cm long prominence) • alveus = fibers layer on surface of hippocampus under ependyma leading into fimbria hippocampi • regio I-IV (CA 1-CA 4) – stratum moleculare (+ substratum lacunosum) – stratum oriens – stratum pyramidale – stratum radiatum© David Kachlík 30.9.2015 Subicular complex • subiculum (archicortex) – on superior surface of gyrus parahippocampalis – distinguish situations of danger and reward • presubiculum (periarchicortex) – band of periarchicortex on internal surfsce of temporal lobe, medial to subiculum, rostro- caudal direction • parasubiculum (periarchicortex) © David Kachlík 30.9.2015 © David Kachlík 30.9.2015 http://ccn.ucla.edu/wiki/images/0/01/Unfolding-Hipp.png Gyrus dentatus • 3 layers: stratum moleculare, granulare, multiforme • under fimbria hippocampi, medial to hippocampus • rostrally gets narrower and terminates as oblique taenia Giacomini – separates uncus gyri parahippocampalis • accompanies fimbria hippocampi as far as below splenium corporis callosi • form there it continues as gyrus fasciolaris and further into indusim griseum as striae longitudinales corporis callosi © David Kachlík 30.9.2015 © David Kachlík 30.9.2015 Gyrus cinguli • area 23-25,29-31 • AF: association areas of temporal, parietal and occipital lobe • EF: feedbacks to cortex and subcortical areas (striatum, thalamus, cerebellum) • emotional reactions (ventral part), verbal memory and spatial orientation (dorsal part) • cingulum – tract leading to gyrus parahippocampalis © David Kachlík 30.9.2015 Gyrus parahippocampalis • uncus – rostrally • area entorhinalis (area 28) • area perirhinalis (area 35, 36) • spatial memory, orientation and ability to distinguish and recognize objects • AF: association areas, hippocampal formation, corpus amygdaloideum, thalamus • EF: hippocampal formation, corpus amygdaloideum, thalamus (ncl. anteriores) © David Kachlík 30.9.2015 Corpus amygdaloidum = amygdala = nucleus amgydalae = archistriatum • morphologically and developmentally basal ganglion • functionally and connected to limbic system • locate within temporal lobe rostral to cornu inferius ventriculi lateralis and to cauda ncl. caudati • complex of nuclei • younger = baso-lateral part – connection to cortex • older = cortico-centromedial part – connection to olfactory areas, hypothalamus nad brainstem • cortex periamygdalaris © David Kachlík 30.9.2015 © David Kachlík 30.9.2015 Petrovický, 2008 Corpus amygdaloidum • „center of emotions and fear“ • influences hypothalamus („drive-related behavior“) • subjective feelings (fear, aggression) and defensive reactions • formation and storing of memories connected with emotional events • reactions to impulses with bad events / unpleasant smells • fear reaction (stiffness, tachycardia, tachypnoe, clenched stomach) • also connected to perception of pleasant impulses (love, desire, envy) • disorder: in contralateral damage → no aggressiveness © David Kachlík 30.9.2015 Corpus amygdaloidum – connection • AF: rich sensory and visceral • EF: – stria terminalis = dorsal amygdalofugal tract (along ncl. caudatus and v. thalamostriata) → septum verum + hypothalamus – ventral amygdalofugal tract (pod ncl. lentiformis) → septum verum + hypothalamus + piriform, orbital and anterior cingular cortex, ncl. accumbens, ncl. dorsomedialis thalami – to hippocampus (related to storing of memory) – to motor, premotor areas and BG (involuntary motorics) – to visceromotor nuclei of cranial nerves and spinal cord (influence of sympathetic and parasympathetic system) © David Kachlík 30.9.2015 St – stria terminalis, Amg – amygdalar complex, BST – bed nucleus striae terminalis, Ce- Connection