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Please do not assume that a book's appearance in 'The Builder' library means it can be used in any manner anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liability can be quite severe. The Webmaster |*lBiiBl*ii|i \lhl iiiiiiiilii ih! [i -ih;* Ivili'lii lllfi The original of tliis book is in tlie Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http ://www. arch i ve . o rg/detai Is/cu31 924027963994 THE STORY OF THE NATIONS THE CRUSADES THE STORY OF THE LATIN KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM BY T. A. ARCHER AND CHARLES L. KINGSFORD NEW YORK G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS LONDON : T. FISHER UNWIN 1906 V. GS.^vi Copyright, 1894 BY G. P. Putnam's Sons Entered at Stationer^ Hall^ London By T. Fisher Unwin Printed and Bound hy Ube IRntcIicrbocIiec Ipresa, mew ffiorft G. P. Putnam's Pons PREFACE. The present volume bears the sub-title, "The Story of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem," in order to make it clear at the outset that we are here concerned only with the Crusades which are Crusades in the proper sense of the word. With the Fourth Crusade, the Latin Empire of Constanti- nople, and still more with those developments, or perversions of the Crusading idea, which led to the so-called Crusades against the Albigensians and the Emperor Frederick, we have nothing to do. In making the story of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem the main thread of the narrative, stress has intention- ally been laid on an important if comparatively un- familiar side of Crusading history. The romance and glamour of Crusading expeditions has often caused the practical achievements of Crusaders in the East to be overlooked, or underrated. Yet it is through the history of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, that the true character and importance of the Crusades can alone be discerned. A brief explanation of the circumstances under which this volume has been written appears to be viii PREFACE. required. When ill-health made it impossible for Mr. Archer to contemplate the completion of his own work, his material was placed in Mr. Kingsford's hands. The preparation of this material for the press involved not only much condensation and re-arrangement of the manuscript, but also the filling up of some considerable gaps. It would be almost impossible/^tojatisfactorily divide the responsibility for a work produced under such circumstances, and in point of fact there is no single chapter to which both authors have not in some degree contributed. The book therefore appears, without further comment, under their joint names. The circumstances of the present series forbid that constant citation of authorities in notes, which might otherwise be desirable ; but the fact that the narrative has in the main been compiled from the writings of contemporary historians, will, it is hoped, have given it some merit of freshness, even though the conclu- sions arrived at may often not differ materially from those of other writers. Whatever claim of originality is thus put forward for the present volume, is made in no spirit of detraction from the advantage, which has in places been derived from freely consulting previous workers in the same field. In the matter of chronology the conclusions pro- pounded by Mr. T. A. Archer in an article in the English Historical Revieiv for January, 1889, have now been adopted without further argument. In the spelling of proper names, those forms which common use has made familiar have been preserved, whilst in the case of persons and places which would be PREFACE. IX novel to most readers, the endeavour has been to give the simplest form consistent with accuracy. It may, perhaps, be well to observe that the j in names like Kilij, Javaly, Sinjar is to be pronounced likey in judge. —— CONTENTS. PAGE Preface vii Table of Contents XI Descriptive List of Illustrations xix Introduction . .... 1-25 § I. The Age of the Pilgrims. Constantine and Helena, 3—Chosroes and Heraclius, 4 Rise of Mohammedanism, S—Arculf and Willibald, 9 Charles the Great, II —Bernard of St. Michael's Mount, 12. § 2. The Eve of the Crusades. The year 1000, 13—Revival of piety, 15—Eleventh Cen- tury Pilgrims, 17 —Rise of the Seljuks, 19—Constantinople in danger, 21 —The Normans, 23—Gregory VII. and Robert Guiscard, 25. II. Peter the Hermit and Urban the Pope . 26-40 Peter at Jerusalem, 27—The Council of Clermont, 29 Urban preaches the Crusade, 31 — Signs and Wonders, 33 The preaching of Peter, 35 — Walter the Penniless, 37 Fate of the pilgrims, 39. — xii CONTENTS. III. PAGE The First Crusade—The Muster and the March to Antioch 4^-5^ Godfrey de Bouillon, 43—Bohemond, 45—Raymond of Toulouse, 47—Robert of Normandy, 49—The Crusaders at Constantinople, 51—Schemes of Alexius, 53—Siege of Nicsea, 55—Battle of Dorylteum, 57. IV. The First Crusade—The Firstfruits of Con- quest : Edessa and Antioch . 59-76 § I. The Conquest of Edessa. Baldwin at Edessa, 61 —A precarious lordship, 63. § 2. The Siege of Antioch. The City of Antioch, 65—Troubles of the Crusaders, 67 Bohemond captures Antioch, 6g—Approach of Corbogha, 71 —Invention of the Holy Lance, 73 —Defeat of Cor- bogha, 75. The First Crusade—The Capture of the Holy City 77-92 Raymond and Bohemond, 79—The Crusaders at Marra, 81 —Peter Bartholomew, 83—The Siege of Jerusalem, 85 Quarrels and visions, 87 —Procession round Jerusalem, 89 Capture of Jerusalem, 91. VI. Godfrey de Bouillon 93-107 Choosing a king, 93—Quarrel with Raymond, 95— Battle of Ascalon, 97—The Christmas Feast, 99—A hero of Romance, loi —The fates of the Chiefs, 103 —The Aquitanian Crusade, 105—A disastrous expedition, 107. — CONTENTS. Xlll VII. PAGE The Land and its Organisation . 109-129 Physical characteristics, III —Edessa and Antioch, 113 The County of Tripoli, 1 15—The lordships of the Kingdom, 117—The City of Jerusalem, 121 —The Assize of Jerusalem, 123—Officers and Courts, 125—Finance, 127—The Eccle- siastical Hierarchy, 129. VIII. The Conquest of the Land—Baldwin I. 130-142 Lack of money and men, 133—Dangers of the kingdom, 135 —Jaffa and Ramleh, 137—Tiberias and Montreal, 139— Character of Baldwin I., 141. TX. The Conquest of the Land—The Franks IN Northern Syria .... 143-158 Turkish feuds, 145—Successes of Tancred, 147— Maudud of Mosul, 149—Borsoki and Borsac, 151 —Roger's victory at Rugia, 153—Death of Roger, 155—Tripoli, 157. X. The Conquest of the Land— Baldwin II, 159-168 Baldwin II. and Il-Ghazi, i6i—Captivity at Kl.artpett, 163 —Baldwin II. and Antioch, 165—The taking of Tyre, 167. XI. The Military Orders 169-187 Gerard the Hospitaller, 171—The Rule of the Temple, 173 —Bernard and the Knights, 174—The Hospitallers, 175— The Knights in the East, 177—Wealth and its abuses, 179— The Knights in the West, 181—The Lesser Orders, 183— Later fortunes, 185-Elements of strength and weakness, 187. — Xiv CONTENTS. XII. The Kingdom at its Zenith — Fulk of 188-196 Anjou . , Character of Fulk, 189—Antioch and Tripoli, 191—John Comnenus and Raymond of Antioch, 193 -Hugh II. of Jaffa, 195—Capture of Banias, 196. XIII. Zangi and the Fall of Edessa . 197-206 Despair of the Mohammedans, 199—Rise of Zangi, 201 Mohammedan Conquests, 203— Fate of Joscelin II., 205. XIV. The Second Crusade 207-221 Bernard of Clairvaux, 209—Louis and Conrad, 211 — Manuel and the Crusaders, 215—Disasters in Asia Minor, 217 Siege of Damascus, 219—Miserable termination, 221. XV. Loss and Gain 222-237 § I.