Bachelor of Arts UGEN-103 Literature in English 1750-1900 Uttar Pradesh Rajarshi Tandon Open University Block-1 PRE ROMANTIC POETRY AND ROMANTIC POETRY (I) 3-78 UNIT-1 William Blake : TheTyger 7 UNIT-2 William Wordsworth : Ode on intimations of Immortality 17 UNIT-3 S.T. Coleridge : The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 35 Block-2 ROMANTIC POETRY (II) AND VICTORIAN POETRY 79-148 UNIT-4 P.B. Shelley : Ode to the West Wind 83 UNIT-5 John Keats : Ode to Autumn 97 UNIT-6 Lord Alfred Tennyson : Ulysses 113 UNIT-7 Robert Browning : My Last Duches 131 Block-3 PROSE 149-192 UNIT-8 Charles Lamb : Dream Children 153 UNIT-9 Hazlitt : My First Acquaintance with Poets 171 Block-4 FICTION : JANE AUSTIN : PRIDE AND PREJUDICE 193-246 UNIT-10 Jane Austin : Life and Literary Works 197 UNIT-11 Pride and Prejudice : Title, Theme and Plot 207 UNIT-12 Pride and Prejudice : Characters 221 UNIT-13 Structure and Technique 235 UGEN-103/1 Block-5 FICTION : CHARLES DICKENS : OLIVER TWIST 247-304 UNIT-14 Charles Dickens : Life and Literary Works 251 UNIT-15 Oliver Twist : Analysis 263 UNIT-16 Oliver Twist : Characters 275 UNIT-17 Structure andTechnique 289 UNIT-18 Oliver Twist : Social Concerns 299 UGEN-103/2 Bachelor of Arts UGEN-103 Literature in English 1750-1900 Uttar Pradesh Rajarshi Tandon Open University BLOCK 1 PRE ROMANTIC POETRY AND ROMANTIC POETRY (I) UNIT-1 William Blake : The Tyger UNIT-2 William Wordsworth : Ode on Intimations UNIT-3 S.T. Coleridge : The Rime of the Ancient Mariner UGEN-103/3 Advisory Committee Prof. K.N. Singh Vice-Chancellor Prof. R.P.S. Yadav Director, School of Humanities Dr. Arun Kumar Gupta Registrar Course Design Committee Dr. R.K. Singh Department of English, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj Prof. Shikha Singh Department of English, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur Dr. Nisha Singh Department of English, Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Viddyapeeth University, Varansi Dr. Shivendra Pratap Singh Academic Consultant (English), School of Humanities, UPTROU, Prayagraj Course Co-Ordination Dr. Shivendra Pratap Singh Academic Consultant (English), School of Humanities, UPRTOU, Prayagraj Editor Pradeep Khare (Rtd.) Principal, K.S. Saket P.G. College, Ayodhya Writer Dr. Ashok Dayal Block-I, II (Unit-1, 2, 3, 4) Assistatnt Prof. Department of English Kaushlya Bharta Gandhi Govt. College Degree College, Dhindhui Patti Pratapgarh Dr. Sangeeta Varshney Block-II (Unit-5, 6, 7) Assistant Professor Department of English, Dr. Ambedkar Govt. P.G. College Dr. Sangeeta Varshney Block-III, IV, V Faculty of English, (Unit-8, 9,10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18) Department of Humanities, S.M.S., Lucknow ©UPRTOU, Prayagraj-2020 ISBN : ©All Rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the Uttar Pradesh Rajarshi Tondon Open University, Prayagraj. Printed and Published by Dr. Arun Kumar Gupta Registrar, Uttar Pradesh Rajarshi Tandon Open University, 2020. Printed By : Chandrakala Universal Pvt. 42/7 Jawahar Lal Neharu Road, [PYTHON-015] Prayagraj. UGEN-103/4 BLOCK INTRODUCTION In this block, we will study Pre-Romantic poetry and Romantic poetry. This block consists of the following 3 units: Unit-1 covers William Black and his poem The Tyger. William Blake is a pre-romantic poet. He has a very individual view of the world. His poetic style, ideas, sensibility, and ideas contrast with order and control of the Augustans. The Tiger stands out in contrast to Blake's innocent Lamb. It is a symbol of strength and revolt. In Unit-2, we will study William Wordsworth and his poem Ode on Intimations of Immortality. He was one of the founders of English Romanticism. Unit-3 discusses S.T. Coleridge and his poem The Rime of Ancient Mariner. The poem tells the experiences of a sailor who has returned from a long sea-voyage. UGEN-103/5 UGEN-103/6 UNIT-1 WILLIAM BLAKE : THE TYGER Structure 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Pre Romantic Poets 1.3 William Blake : Life and Works 1.4 The Tyger 1.4.1 Poem (Text) 1.4.2 Glossary 1.4.3 Discussion 1.5 Let Us Sum Up 1.6 Suggested Reading 1.7 Answer to Exercises 1.0 INTRODUCTION In this unit we shall take up one of the famous poems by Willaim Blake i.e. Tyger. The poem is one of the famous lyrics of English language with the famous opening line of English language ‘Tyger Tyger burning bright’. The ‘Tyger’ was first published in William Blake’s 1794 volume Songs of Experience, which contains many of his most celebrated poems. The Songs ofExperience was designed to complement Blake’s earlier collection, Songs of Innocence (1789). However, we hope you will read the complete poem on your own. We have selected this short lyric. Before we discuss the poem, let us briefly look at some of aspects of the romantic and Pre Romantic poetry. This will give us an idea of the social and historical context from which this poem emerged. A quick look at the Life and Works of William Blake will not only introduce us to the poet but will also facilitate our understanding of his poetry. 1.1 OBJECTIVES In this Unit, we shall discuss the poem ‘Tyger’ by the eminent poet William Blake. We shall also discuss some features of Pre Romantic Poetry. After reading this Unit carefully, you should be able to: • Describe the life and works of William Blake; UGEN-103/7 • Analyse the poem ‘Tyger’; • Explain lines with reference to their context; • Define Blake’s poetic technique. 1.2 PRE-ROMANTICISM Pre-Romanticism is a cultural movement started in Europe from about the 1740s onward that preceded the artistic movement know as Romanticism.The new emphasis on genuine emotion can be seen in a whole range of Pre-Romantic trends. Some key Romantic ideas include a focus on the power of nature, imagination, revolution, the world of children and the lives of people marginalised in society. Romanticism has been very influential and important British Romantic poets include Wordsworth, Coleridge, Keats, Shelley, Byron, Blake. Central features of Romanticism include: • An emphasis on emotional and imaginative spontaneity. • The importance of self-expression and individual feeling. ... • An almost religious response to nature. ... • A capacity for wonder and consequently a reverence for the freshness and innocence of the vision of childhood. 1.3 WILLIAM BLAKE : LIFE AND WORKS William Blake was born on November 28, 1757 in the city of London. His father was a hosiery businessman. Due to poverty he was unable to get regular education. Thus we can say that Blake was a self educated man. William Blake was a brilliant child and his mind was very fertile and imaginative. He started writing at the tender age of 12. In 1783 his first poetic collection appeared with the title “Poetical Sketches” at the age of 26. In 1781 he married Catherine Boucher the daughter of a market- gardener. The couple remained issuless. His imagination excelled him in the printing job. In 1788 he experimented a new kind of printing. Blake was always a man of poor financial sources and due to this reason he was always dedicated to poor and vanquished people. In 1800 Blake had left London with his wife and sister for doing the job of an engraver in the house of William Hayeley at Sussex. But soon he was irritated by the interference of Hayeley and returned to London. In 1821 he setteled at Fountain Court and worked upon his most creative work ‘Illustrations of the Book of Job’. In 1825 he was assigned the job of making illustrations of Dante’s Divine Comedy. He had completed over one hundred water colour designs, and out of them, seven were engraved. Before he could finish this job, he died on August 12, 1827. UGEN-103/8 Blake was a very deeply religious man who has throughout been known for his intellectual integrity. The greatest misfortune with William Blake was that his contemporaries could not appreciate him and he remained in obscurity for three decades after his death. In 1863 Alexander Gilchrist wrote the biography of William Blake which was published that year. In 1957 his bronze bust was installed in the Poet’s corner of Westminister Abbey. Besides being a painter of eminence he has shown proficiency in poetry as well as prose. WORKS OF WILLIAM BLAKE : 1. Poetical Sketches 1783 2. Tiriel 1789 3. Songs of Innocence 1789 4. The Book of Thel 1789-91 5. Visions of the Daughters of Albion1793 6. Songs of Innocence and Experience, showing the Two Contrary States of Human Souls 1794 7. America, A Prophecy 1794 8. Europe, A Prophecy1794 9. The Book of Urizen 1794 10. The Song of Los 1795 11. The Book of Ahania 1795 12. Vala or the Four Zoas 1796-1807 13. Milton 1804-15 14. Jerusalem 1804-15 1.4 THE TYGER "The Tyger," originally called "The Tyger," is a lyric poem focusing on the nature of God and his creations. It was published in 1794 in a collection entitled Songs of Experience. Modern anthologies often print "The Tiger" alongside an earlier Blake poem, "The Lamb," published in 1789 in a collection entitled Songs of Innocence. ‘The Tyger’ is called as the companion poem of ‘The Lamb’ which appeared in Songs of Innocence; both poems ask the same question: where do we come from? In ‘The Lamb’, an answer is given: God made us – a simple affirmation of faith. You can see very clearly in the poem ‘The Tyger’ poet answers by posing the rhetorical question: ‘Did he who made the lamb make thee?’ You can observe in the poem that poet puts forward a UGEN-103/9 series of questions none of which are answered.