GLOSSARY OF TERMS ● anti-Judaism: hostility toward the Jewish religion, usually based on Christian theological principles. ● antisemitism: term created in 1879 by Wilhelm Marr in Germany. Jews were defined as a distinct “race”; a contemporary name for “Jew-hatred” or “Judeophobia.” ● Black Nobility: the papal aristocracy who remained loyal to the Holy See after the abolition of the papal states in 1870. ● congregation: a Vatican department supervising a specific part of church government: for example, Congregation for the Sacraments supervised the liturgical life of the church. ● Curia: the governing body of the Catholic Church. ● deicide: literally “the murder of God”; a charge levelled against the Jews by many of the Church Fathers. Officially rejected by the Catholic Church in 1965. ● dicastery: subsection of a congregation. ● Diocese: geographical region governed by a bishop. ● diplomatic note: a less formal communication between governments. ● encyclical: formal papal letter addressed to the whole church or, in special cases, addressed to a particular country, specifying an area of Catholic faith and morals. ● Endlösung: The “Final Solution”; Nazi euphemism for the murder of the Jews. It was the “Final Solution” of the Judenfrage (the Jewish question). ● Holy See: the seat of the bishop of Rome, the symbol of unity within the Catholic Church. Often used interchangeably with Vatican. ● Holy Week: most sacred week in the Christian calendar stretching from Palm Sunday through to the Easter Triduum (Holy or Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, Holy Saturday, Easter Sunday). It recalls the last days of Christ and is marked with liturgies of special solemnity. ● legate: papal representative in a country without formal diplomatic relations with the Holy See. ● liturgy: the formal worship of the Christian Church. 226 Glossary of Terms ● mass: the most sacred liturgy of Catholic Christianity; alternatively known as the Eucharist. ● Missal: book containing all the prayers and ritual for the Mass. ● nuncio: papal ambassador accredited to a government. ● parish: the basic unit of church government. ● pontiff, pontifical: pertaining to a bishop, but more commonly used in connection with the actions of the pope. ● Promemoria: a detailed diplomatic letter sent by the Vatican. ● religious: term describing Catholic men and women bound by the vows of poverty, chastity. and obedience (or the monastic vows of sta- bility, conversion of manners, and obedience) and living in commu- nity or a designated house: for example, Carmelite friars and nuns, Benedictine monks and nuns, Sisters of Charity, Christian Brothers ● seminary: training college for priests. ● Sonderbehandlung: literally, “special handling”; a Nazi euphemism for the murder of Jews and others deemed “life unworthy of living”. ● supersessionism: theology that taught Judaism had been superseded by Christianity and was therefore obsolete. ● theology: the study of God. ● Tridentine: pertaining to the Council of Trent (1546-1564) and its reforms which marked Catholic life and practice until Vatican II (1962-1965). ● Triduum: literally “three days” and usually referring to the Easter Triduum (see above). It also referred to days of special devotion set aside for prayer. ● Ultramontane, ultramontanist: literally “beyond the mountains”, term used to describe Catholics fiercely (and often uncritically) loyal to the Holy See. ● Vatican: the sovereign state of the Vatican City; residence of the pope and the Roman Curia (the government of the Catholic Church); often used interchangeably with the term Holy See. NOTES Introduction: Pius XII, Catholics, Myths, and Realities 1. http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-leaders-dismayed-by-benedict-s-defense-of- nazi-era-pope-1.325948 (Accessed November 21, 2010). 2. http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_24061967_ sacerdotalis_en.html; http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/encyclicals/documents/ hf_p-vi_enc_25071968_humanae-vitae_en.html (Accessed July 9, 2010). http://www. haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-leaders-dismayed-by-benedict-s-defense-of-nazi-era- pope- .325948 (Accessed 21 November 2010). 3. See for example http://ncronline.org/news/vatican/hierarchy-deeply-damaged-within (Accessed July 10, 2010). 4. This is one example of such thinking. http://www.piusxiipope.info/ (Accessed July 10, 2010). 5. The most significant group is The Pave The Way organization founded by Gary Krupp. They have amassed considerable documentation that purports to prove conclusively that Pius XII was active in rescuing Jews during the Holocaust. The material is impressive but the commentaries are generally lacking in serious historical analysis and are more in the style of polemic and apol- ogetic. An example of their claims is given here: http://www.zenit.org/article-29766?l=english (Accessed July 3, 2010). 6. Two works that deal specifically with the changes in Catholic cultural identity are Bill McSweeney (1980), Roman Catholicism: The Search for Relevance and Michele Dillon (2000), Catholic Identity. Of particular interest are McSweeney, 22–52, 86–94; and Dillon, 34–40. 7. See Colin Tatz et al. (2003), “Why Denialists Deny,” in Genocide Perspectives II, 267–84. 8. Ironically, it was Pius XII who inaugurated modern Catholic biblical studies. His 1943 encycli- cal, Divino afflante spiritu, encouraged scientific and critical study of the Bible. 9. http://www.ejpress.org/article/41715 (European Jewish Press; Accessed May 28, 2010) 10. http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/speeches/2010/january/documents/hf_ ben-xvi_spe_20100117_sinagoga_en.html (Accessed July 7, 2010). 11. Tablet, June 29, 1963. 12. Sánchez (2002), 28–30. 1 Problems with Pacelli 1. Christopher Dawson (1941), “The Sword of the Spirit,” 4, 6. 2. Pius XII, Allocutio October 18, 1939, AAS 31.6, 611–12. 3. Times, October 19, 1939. 4. Dawson (1941), 6. 5. Rolf Hochhuth, The Deputy (Der Stellvertreter) (1964/1997), 352. 6. Zenit, June 5, 2007; Speech of Cardinal Tarsicio Bertrone, Vatican secretary of state on Pius XII, “The Victim of a Black Legend.” See also Burleigh (2007), 340. 7. SMH, October 10, 1958. 8. Constantine (1954), 32–3. 228 Notes 9. See also Joseph Dinnen (1939), Pius XII Pope of Peace; Hugo Doyle (1948), The Life of Pope Pius XII; Olav Smit (1950), Pope Pius XII; Nazareno Padellaro (1956), Portrait of Pius XII; Alden Hatch and Seamus Walshe (1957), Crown of Glory: The Life of Pope Pius XII. 10. Margherita Marchione (2000), 183. 11. http://www.pacelli-edition.de/quellen_dokumente.html; http://www.dhi-roma.it/orsenigo. html (Accessed June 3, 2010). 12. Leo XIII, Aeterni Patris, 1879. 13. Hebblethwaite (1984), 38. 14. Ibid, 39. 15. Aubrey de Vere, Who is she that stands triumphant (Hymn in honor of the Church), late nine- teenth century. 16. The Catechism Explained (1899), 221–2. 17. John Paul II, Letter to Cardinal Cassidy, March 12, 1998. 18. http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/documents/rc_pc_chrstuni_ doc_16031998_shoah_en.html, paragraph 3 (Accessed June 7, 2006). Hereafter We Remember. 19. Dinnen (1939), 196. 20. We Remember, 4. 21. Robert Anderson, “A Critique of the Vatican Statement on the Holocaust,” 1998; PBS Online Newshour April 8, 1998; NYT March 2, 2000. See also Tatz (2003), 58–66, especially 60–1. 22. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article7136048.ece (Accessed May 26, 2010). 23. Tablet, October 30; December 11, 1999. 24. Washington Post, March 12, 2000; SMH, March 13, 2000. 25. The pope’s petition read: “We are deeply saddened by the behavior of those who in the course of history have caused these children of yours to suffer and, asking forgiveness, we wish to commit ourselves to genuine brotherhood with the People of the Covenant.” Australian Jewish News, March 31, 2000. 26. Robert Manne, “A time for Jews and Catholics to reconcile,” SMH, March 27, 2000. 27. Pius XII, Allocutio, June 2, 1945, AAS 37.12, 163–4. 28. NYT, December 25, 1942. 29. Yehuda Bauer described it as an inability to believe that such evil could have occurred. He cited the visit to the pope by Philip Bernstein in October 1946. In the course of their discussion, Bernstein told Pius that over one million Jewish children had been murdered by the Nazis. Pius’ response was a dramatic “No!” It was too great to imagine. Yehuda Bauer to Paul O’Shea, April 8, 2003. 30. Allocutio, June 2, 1945. 31. Private devotions are practices supported by the Church for the personal edification of the believer, e.g., the Rosary, wearing religious medals and praying to the saints under various titles such as Our Lady of Fatima. Public devotions are the official worship of the Church: the Mass, the Sacraments, and the recitation of the Divine Hours. 32. See Hansjakob Stehle (1981), 11–33. 33. SMH, August 17, 1920. 34. See Owen Chadwick (1986), especially Chapter 9. Chadwick details the many attempts by the British ambassador to the Holy See, D’Arcy Osborne, along with Myron Taylor, President Roosevelt’s personal representative, to pressure Pius into condemning Nazi atrocities. 35. See Pierre Blet (1999), 214–18; John Cornwell (1999), 298–312; Susan Zuccotti (2000), 126–30. 36. See Daniel Goldhagen (2002), 50–3, 63–9. 37. Michael Buchberger, Bishop of Regensburg, had written to Cardinal Adolf Bertram, president of the German Episcopal Conference, in June 1935 urging caution on the part of the bishops. Any protest against the regime would risk alienating many German Catholics and the vast majority of the faithful would not rally to defend