Metal and Metalloid Contaminants in Atmospheric Aerosols from Mining Operations Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Csavina, Janae Lynn Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 07/10/2021 00:42:02 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/242386 METAL AND METALLOID CONTAMINANTS IN ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS FROM MINING OPERATIONS by Janae Csavina _____________________ A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WITH A MAJOR IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2012 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Janae Csavina entitled Metal and Metalloid Contaminants in Atmospheric Aerosols from Mining Operations and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 8/7/2012 A. Eduardo Sáez _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 8/7/2012 Eric A. Betterton _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 8/7/2012 Wendell P. Ela _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 8/7/2012 Raina M. Maier Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: 8/7/2012 Dissertation Director: A. Eduardo Sáez ________________________________________________ Date: 8/7/2012 Dissertation Director: Eric A. Betterton 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: Janae Csavina 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to thank my advisers Dr. Sáez and Dr. Betterton. You have given me invaluable guidance throughout my PhD yet given me the freedom necessary to become a researcher. Your support throughout this process has been the cornerstone for my achievements. I owe any future successes as a researcher and academic to you as I have grown into the scientist I am today because your mentorship. I am beyond grateful for having you both as my advisers. I’d also like to thank Prof. Mark Taylor for his mentorship in my Australia research. First of all, I am grateful for the opportunity to work with you and assistance in the grants we wrote. Secondly, thank you for the support (both financial and guidance) of the research. You have broadened my abilities both as a researcher and communicator that will no doubt aid in my future academic pursuits. Finally, thank you for your hospitality to both Mike and myself that made our stay in Australia more enjoyable. I am also grateful to Dr. Ela and Dr. Maier for being a part of my dissertation committee. Dr. Ela, I hope to one day emulate you as a teacher as I learned so much and enjoyed the Advanced Water Treatment class; I wish I had more opportunities to have you as a teacher. Dr. Maier, I have enjoyed your times of mentorship through the SRP meetings and conferences; you are an inspiring woman. Thank you also to Dr. Sorooshian for utilizing our samples for a hygroscopicity study and enrichment factors analysis from Hayden. I am honored to be a co-author on this study. It would be impossible to name all the people who made this research possible. Some key people I’d like to thank include Omar Felix, Kyle Rine, Jason Field, Peter Saliba, Paul Rheinheimer, Anna Wonaschütz, Andrea Landazuri, Brian Barbaris, Homa Shayan, and Mackenzie Russell. A special thanks to Mike Kopplin who did much of the ICP-MS analysis, Steven Hernandez for the SEM-EDS work, and Paloma Beamer for allowing us to use the ultra-microbalance. Additionally, thank you to all the graduate students in the ChEE department that made up a support community for getting through this PhD program; those friendships are important and will never be forgotten. I am especially grateful to Lucia Rodriguez who has always been there for me through the fun and not so fun times of this journey. Finally, many thanks are afforded to my husband Mike whose support and willingness to move across the country and world made all this possible. My family has also been instrumental in their support and giving me confidence to pursue this career. Of course, I am also grateful to all the teachers/mentors in my life that have led me to where I am today. I am humbled by the amount of support I have in my life, and for all that, I am grateful. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 11 CHAPTER 2 - PRESENT STUDY ................................................................................. 16 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 24 APPENDIX A: A REVIEW ON THE IMPORTANCE OF METALS AND METALLOIDS IN ATMOSPHERIC DUST AND AEROSOL FROM MINING OPERATIONS ................................................................................................................... 27 A.1 Abstract .............................................................................................................27 A.2 Introduction ........................................................................................................28 A.3 Mechanisms and Implications of Atmospheric Particle Emissions ...................38 A.4 Mining and Smelting Operations & Environmental Assessment .....................44 A.4.1 Background ...............................................................................................44 A.4.2 Dust and Aerosol Monitoring ...................................................................49 A.4.3 Contaminant Analysis ...............................................................................52 A.4.4 Modeling ...................................................................................................55 A.4.5 Case Studies .............................................................................................58 A.6 Health and Environmental Impacts ...................................................................66 A.7 Research Priorities and Insights ........................................................................75 A.8 Acknowledgments .............................................................................................79 A.9 References .........................................................................................................80 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued APPENDIX B: METAL AND METALLOID CONTAMINANTS IN ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS FROM MINING OPERATIONS................................... 105 B.1 Abstract ............................................................................................................105 B.2 Introduction ......................................................................................................106 B.3 Materials and Methods .....................................................................................108 B.3.1 Sampling..................................................................................................108 B.3.2 Sample Extraction ...................................................................................111 B.3.3 Sample Analysis ......................................................................................112 B.4 Results and Discussion .....................................................................................113 B.5 Concluding Remarks ........................................................................................134 B.6 Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................135 B.7 References ........................................................................................................135 APPENDIX C: SIZE-RESOLVED AEROSOL CONTAMINANTS ASSOCIATED WITH COPPER AND LEAD SMELTING EMISSIONS IN AUSTRALIA AND ARIZONA: IMPLICATIONS FOR MORE EFFECTIVE EMISSIONS MANAGEMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH RISKS......................................................