The Status of the Teaching Profession The Center for the Future of Teaching and Learning Research conducted by SRI International California State University University of California, Office of the President WestEd 2009 Teaching and California’s Future is sponsored by The Center for the Future of Teaching and Learning. The Center is made up of education professionals, scholars, and public policy experts who care deeply about improving the schooling of California’s children. The Center was founded in 1995 as a public, nonprofit organization with the purpose of strengthening the capacity of California’s teachers for delivering rigorous, well-rounded curriculum and ensuring the continuing intellectual, ethical and social development of all children. This report was produced by The Center for the Future of Teaching and Learning in consultation with our co-sponsors: California State University; University of California, Office of the President; and WestEd. Research was conducted by SRI International of Menlo Park, CA, which had primary responsibility for writing this report. Funding for this initiative was generously provided by: • The S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation • The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation • The James Irvine Foundation • Stuart Foundation Promotion by Stone’s Throw Communications of Manhattan Beach, CA. Communications by Andy Plattner of Plattner Communications & Public Affairs. Design by Capitola Design of Soquel, CA. Copyright ©2009. All rights reserved. The Center for the Future of Teaching and Learning 133 Mission Street, Suite 220 Santa Cruz, CA 95060 www.cftl.org The Center for the Future of Teaching and Learning Working to improve education for all students by strengthening the teaching profession Teaching and California’s Future The Status of the Teaching Profession 2009 Full Report The Center for the Future of Teaching and Learning and California State University University of California, Office of the President WestEd Research conducted by SRI International Suggested citation: Woodworth, K., Bland, J., Guha, R., Shields, P., Wechsler, M., Tiffany-Morales, J., & Tse, V. (2009). The status of the teaching profession 2009: Full report. Santa Cruz, CA: The Center for the Future of Teaching and Learning The Center for the Future of Teaching and Learning 133 Mission Street, Suite 220, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 831-427-3628 www.cftl.org Copyright © 2009. All rights reserved. The Status of the Teaching Profession 2009 i CONTENTS Cosponsors vii Advisors vii Task Force Members viii Board of Directors ix Acknowledgments xi Abbreviations xiii Executive Summary xv Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 The Teacher Workforce in California 11 Chapter 3 Redesigning California High Schools for the 21st Century 21 Chapter 4 Knowledge, Skills, & Understandings for Teaching in Redesigned High Schools 31 Chapter 5 The Teacher Development System 39 Chapter 6 School Leadership 53 Chapter 7 Summary and Implications 61 Chapter 8 Recommendations from the Center for the Future of Teaching and Learning 63 References 67 Appendix A Additional Teacher Supply, Demand, & Distribution Data 69 Appendix B Research Methods 87 Appendix C Source and Technical Information for Exhibits 93 Appendix D Source and Technical Information for Survey Data 105 ii The Status of the Teaching Profession 2009 The Status of the Teaching Profession 2009 iii EXHIBITS 1 CST Results by Grade and Subject, 2006–09 2 2 College Preparatory Course Test-Taking Patterns, 2003–09 3 3 CST Results by Ethnicity, 2003–09 4 4 Percentage of High School Dropouts by Ethnicity, 2007–08 5 5 Actual and Projected K-12 Enrollment, 1993–94 to 2018–19 12 6 Number of K-12 Teachers in California, 2003–04 to 2008–09 13 7 Number of First- and Second-Year Teachers in Elementary, Middle, and High Schools, 2003–04 to 2008–09 14 8 Number of Enrollees in Teacher Preparation Programs, 2001–02 to 2006–07 15 9 Multiple- and Single-Subject Preliminary and Intern Credentials Issued by University Sector, 2001–02 to 2007–08 15 10 Number of Underprepared Teachers by Credential Type, 1999–2000 to 2008–09 16 11 Percentage of Underprepared and/or Novice High School Teachers in Core Subjects, 2008–09 17 12 Percentage of Underprepared Teachers by API Achievement Quartile, 2002–03 to 2008–09 18 13 Percentage of Underprepared High School Teachers by API Achievement Quartile, 2008–09 18 14 Percentage of Out-of-Field High School Teachers in Core Subjects, 2004–05 and 2008–09 19 15 California High Schools’ Top Academic Priorities for Students 22 16 Emphasis on Offering Courses Integrating Authentic Learning and Assessment 25 17 Emphasis on Strategies to Prepare Students for Work and Careers 27 18 Prevalence of Teaching Knowledge and Skills 36 19 Prevalence of Teaching Knowledge and Skills by School-Level Poverty 37 20 Professional Development Priorities of California High Schools 46 21 One School’s Use of Collaboration Time 48 22 A Highly Aligned, Structured System of On-the-Job Support for School Leaders 59 A-1 Total K-12 Enrollment in California, 1997–98 to 2008–09 69 A-2 Age Distribution of K-12 Public School Teachers, 2008–09 70 A-3 First- and Second-Year Teachers by Credential Status, 2001–02 to 2008–09 70 A-4 Number of Underprepared Teachers in California, 2000–01 to 2008–09 71 A-5 Percentage of Underprepared Teachers by Authorization, 2001–02 to 2008–09 71 A-6 Percentage of Underprepared First- and Second-Year Teachers by Authorization, 2006–07 to 2008–09 72 iv The Status of the Teaching Profession 2009 A-7 Top 10 California Counties by Number and Percentage of Underprepared Teachers, 2008–09 72 A-8 Distribution of Schools by School-Level Percentage of Underprepared Faculty, 2008–09 73 A-9 New Preliminary Teaching Credentials Issued by IHEs, 1998–99 to 2007–08 73 A-10 New University and District Intern Credentials Issued, 1996–97 to 2007–08 74 A-11 Number of Teacher Preparation Candidates Enrolled in CSU Single-Subject Programs, 2001–02 to 2008–09 74 A-12 University Intern Credentials Issued by Authorization, 2002–03 to 2007–08 75 A-13 Number of California Credentials Issued to Teachers Trained Out of State, 1999–00 to 2007–08 75 A-14 Underprepared and/or Novice Teachers by School-Level API, 2008–09 76 A-15 Distribution of Interns by School-Level API, 2008–09 76 A-16 Underprepared Teachers in Schools with the Highest and Lowest Percentages of Minority Students, 2000–01 to 2008–09 77 A-17 Distribution of Interns by School-Level Percentage of Minority Students, 2008–09 77 A-18 Underprepared Teachers in Schools with the Highest and Lowest Percentages of Students in Poverty, 2000–01 to 2008–09 78 A-19 Distribution of Interns by School-Level Percentage of Students in Poverty, 2008–09 78 A-20 Total Enrollment in Grades 9–12, 2001–02 to 2008–09 79 A-21 Number of High School Teachers in California, 2004–05 to 2008–09 79 A-22 Number of Underprepared High School Teachers, 2003–04 to 2008–09 80 A-23 Number of Career Technical Education Teachers in California, 2000–01 to 2008–09 80 A-24 Percentage of Underprepared High School Teachers by School-Level Percentage of Minority Students, 2008–09 81 A-25 Percentage of Underprepared High School Teachers by School-Level Percentage of Students in Poverty, 2008–09 81 A-26 Percentage of Out-of-Field, Underprepared, and Novice High School Teachers by Assignment, 2008–09 82 A-27 Percentage of Underprepared and Novice Teachers by School-Level Percentage of 10th Grade Students Passing the CAHSEE, 2008–09 82 A-28 Percentage of Underprepared and Novice Teachers in High Schools by School-Level Percentage of Students in Poverty, 2008–09 83 A-29 Percentage of Fully Credentialed Teachers with English Learner Authorization, 2003–04 to 2008–09 84 A-30 Number of California State Teachers Retirement System (CalSTRS) Membership Retirements, 1997–98 to 2007–08 84 A-31 Percentage of Out-of-Field, Underprepared, and Novice High School Teachers by Assignment in Charter Schools, 2008–09 85 The Status of the Teaching Profession 2009 v A-32 Percentage of Out-of-Field, Underprepared, and Novice High School Teachers by Assignment in Non-Charter Schools, 2008–09 85 A-33 Average Percentage of Underprepared and Novice High School Teachers by Charter Status, 2008–09 86 A-34 Average Percentage of Underprepared and Novice High School Teachers by School Size, 2008–09 86 B-1 Survey Response Rates (Overall and by Charter Status) 88 B-2 Sample of Case Study High Schools 91 C-1 Number of Schools by API Quartile for API Analyses 102 C-2 Number of Schools by School-Level Minority for Minority Analyses 102 C-3 Number of Schools by School-Level Poverty for Poverty Analyses 103 C-4 Number of High Schools by API Quartile for API Analyses 103 C-5 Number of High Schools by School-Level Minority for Minority Analyses 103 C-6 Number of High Schools by School-Level Poverty for Poverty Analyses 104 D-1 Survey Data for Exhibit 15: California High Schools’ Top Academic Priorities for Students 105 D-2 Data from Survey of High School Principals: Question 6 106 D-3 Data from Survey of High School Principals: Question 5 107 D-4 Data from Survey of High School Principals: Questions 14 and 17A 108 D-5 Survey Data for Exhibit 16: Emphasis on Offering Courses Integrating Authentic Learning and Assessment 109 D-6 Survey Data for Exhibit 17: Emphasis on Strategies to Prepare Students for Work and Careers 110 D-7 Data from Survey of High School Principals: Question 14 111 D-8 Data from Survey of High School Principals: Question 19 112 D-9 Data from Survey of High School Principals: Question 10 113 D-10 Data from Survey of High School Principals: