ONKAPARINGA VALLEY HERITAGE SURVEY (Revised Edition, 2003) Part 1 First edition (2000): Anna Pope Historical Consultant + Bechervaise & Associates Revised edition (2003): Anna Pope, Heritage Online ONKAPARINGA VALLEY HERITAGE SURVEY Part 1 Heritage Survey Part 2 Local Heritage Recommendation Reports Commissioned by: Adelaide Hills Council Authors: Anna Pope Harry Bechervaise Vera Moosmayer Claire Booth May 2003 Front cover illustration: detail of former Thompson Cottage, Kumnick Road, near Lenswood (LE11) Onkaparinga Valley Heritage Survey (2002) ~ Part 1 Contents CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................1 1.1 Background..................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Objectives ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Study Area ...................................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Methodology ................................................................................................................... 2 1.4.1 Inventory .............................................................................................................. 2 1.4.2 Historical research ............................................................................................... 3 1.4.3 Community consultation ...................................................................................... 3 1.4.4 Fieldwork ............................................................................................................. 4 1.4.5 Recommendations ............................................................................................... 4 1.5 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... 4 2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND .......................................................................................7 2.1 Exploration - survey & settlement ................................................................................... 7 2.1.1 Physical area ....................................................................................................... 7 2.1.2 Australian Aboriginals in the Onkaparinga Valley ................................................ 7 2.1.3 European settlement ........................................................................................... 9 2.1.3.1 Distinct ethnic settlements ..................................................................... 9 German settlement ........................................................................................... 9 Scottish settlement ......................................................................................... 10 English settlement .......................................................................................... 11 2.1.3.2 South Australian Company .................................................................. 11 2.1.3.3 Significant pioneers ............................................................................. 12 2.1.3.4 Development of Roads ........................................................................ 12 2.1.4 Establishment of townships ............................................................................... 12 2.1.4.1 Balhannah ........................................................................................... 12 2.1.4.2 Charleston ........................................................................................... 13 2.1.4.3 Forest Range ....................................................................................... 14 2.1.4.4 Lenswood ............................................................................................ 15 2.1.4.5 Lobethal ............................................................................................... 16 2.1.4.6 Oakbank .............................................................................................. 18 2.1.4.7 Verdun ................................................................................................. 20 2.1.4.8 Woodside............................................................................................. 21 2.1.5 Other settlement areas ...................................................................................... 22 2.1.5.1 Blyth Town ........................................................................................... 22 2.1.5.2 Bonney’s Flat ....................................................................................... 22 2.1.5.3 Carey Gully .......................................................................................... 23 2.1.5.4 Gilleston ............................................................................................... 23 2.1.5.5 Hay Valley ............................................................................................ 24 2.1.5.6 Inverbrackie ......................................................................................... 24 The Woodside Army Camp ............................................................................ 24 2.1.5.7 Manx Town .......................................................................................... 25 2.1.5.8 Mount Charles...................................................................................... 25 2.1.5.9 Mount Torrens...................................................................................... 26 2.1.5.10 Murdoch Hill ......................................................................................... 26 2.1.5.11 Neudorf ................................................................................................ 27 2.1.5.12 Onkaparinga (town) ............................................................................. 27 2.1.5.13 Reefton Heights ................................................................................... 27 2.1.5.14 Schönthal ............................................................................................. 27 2.1.5.15 Spring Head ......................................................................................... 28 2.1.5.16 Tabor Valley ......................................................................................... 28 Anna Pope, Heritage Online i Onkaparinga Valley Heritage Survey (2002) ~ Part 1 Contents 2.1.5.17 Western Branch .................................................................................. 29 2.1.5.18 Workingmen’s Blocks .......................................................................... 29 2.1.5.19 Other historic localities ........................................................................ 29 2.1.6 Early construction methods ............................................................................... 30 2.1.6.1 Earth construction ............................................................................... 30 2.1.6.2 Timber construction ............................................................................. 31 Slabs .............................................................................................................. 31 Half-timbering and other German construction methods ................................. 32 2.1.6.3 Masonry construction .......................................................................... 32 Stone ............................................................................................................. 32 Bricks ............................................................................................................. 32 2.1.6.4 Roofs, verandahs, chimneys and other details .................................... 33 Roofing .......................................................................................................... 33 Verandahs ...................................................................................................... 33 Windows and doors ........................................................................................ 33 Chimneys and fireplaces ................................................................................ 33 Internal features ............................................................................................. 33 Fencing .......................................................................................................... 34 2.2 Exploitation - harnessing natural resources .................................................................. 34 2.2.1 Timber 34 2.2.1.1 Timber mills and factories .................................................................... 35 Cricket bat factory .......................................................................................... 36 2.2.1.2 Charcoal burning ................................................................................. 37 2.2.2 Water 37 2.2.3 Quarries ............................................................................................................ 38 2.2.3.1 Building stone ...................................................................................... 38 2.2.3.2 Bricks & sand ...................................................................................... 39 2.2.3.3 Day’s Lime Kiln .................................................................................... 39 2.2.4 Mining 40 2.2.4.1 Balhannah & Grünthal ......................................................................... 40 Balhannah .....................................................................................................