106 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' SOCIETY (Vitoria Da Riva Carvalho and her son Edson), for extensive and Thesis, University of Florida, xvi + 361 pp. patient logistic support, housing and food during work in this re­ FREITAS, A. V. L. 1991. Varia<;ao morfologica, cielo de vida e sis­ gion in February and June 2000. Gerardo Lamas, Annette Aiello tematica de Tegosa claudina (Eschscholtz) (Lepidoptera, and Carla Penz made valuable comments on the manuscript. This Nymphalidae, Melitaeinae) no estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil. research was partly supported by fellowships from the Brazilian Revta. bras. Ent. 35:301-306. Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico ---. 1993. Biology and population dynamics of Placidula eu­ (CNPq) and the Fundac;ao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de rljanassa , a relict ithomiine butterfly (Lepidoptera: Ithomiinae). Sao Paulo (BIOTNFAPESP program, grants 98105101-8 and J. Lepid. Soc. 47:87-105. 00/01484-1). LAMAS , G. 1994. Los Danainae e Ithomiinae descritos por H. Haensch (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Shilap 22:271-297. LITERATURE CITED MOTTA , P. C. 198D. Analise filogenetica de Ithomiinae (Lep.: Nymphalidae) com base nos ovos: Hela<;ao com plantas hos­ ACKERY, P. R. 1987. The dan aid genus Tellervo (Lepidoptera: pedeiras. MS Thesis. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Nymphalidae)-a cladistic approach. Zool. J Linn. Soc. Campinas, SP, Brazil. 89:273-294. BROWN In., K. S. & A. V. L. FREITAS. 1994. Juvenile stages of Ithomiinae: ovelview and systematics (Lepidoptera: Nymphali­ ANDRE V. I,. FF:EITAS AND KEITH S. BROWN JR., Museu de dae). Trop. Lepid. 5:9-20. Hist6ria Natural and Departamento de Zoologia, lnstituto de Biolo­ DEVR[ES , P. J. 1987. The butterflies of Costa Rica and their natural gia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, C.P 6109, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil. histOlY· Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, New Jersey. 327 pp. DRUMMOND III, B. A. 1976. Comparative ecology and mimetic re­ Received for publication 20 August 2001; revised and acceptecl26 lationships or lthomiine butterflies in Eastern Ecuador. Ph.D. November 2001. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 56(2). 201J2. 106-108 MATINGS WITHOUT SPERMATOPHORE TRANSFER AND WITH TRANSFER OF TWO SPERMATOPHORES IN CALLOPHRYS XAMI (LYCAENIDAE) Additional key words: spermatophore production, copulation, sexual selection. In Lepidoptera, males normally transfer one sper­ tivity during a longer period (in several species there is matophore during copulation (Drummond 1984). How­ a negative correlation between female receptivity and ever, some studies indicate that in some matings no the degree of distention of the corpus bursa) (Drum­ spermatophore is transferred (although this does not mond 1984) or if permits the transfer of more sperm necessarily means that the female is not inseminated; (for example, if spermatophores can contain only a cer­ Drummond 1984). There are several possible explana­ tain maximum amount of sperm). However, the transfer tions for this fact: (a) exhaustion of substances necessary of multiple spermatophores may be disadvantageous for for building spermatophores as a result of frequent mat­ many species, since the last spermatophore needs to be ing (Drummond 1984); (b) male or female disabilities, at least partially digested before re-mating because such as deformations in the genitalia or in the reproduc­ sperm migration to the spermatheca requires proper tive tract resulting from disease or defective develop­ alignment of the spermatophore tube with the ductus ment; or (c) mate choice (rejection) after initiation of seminalis and this alignment is more difficult in the copulation by females (i.e., females somehow inhibit or presence of another spermatophore (Drummond 1984, prevent the transfer of spermatophores by certain Simmons & Siva-Jothy 1998). Thus, an alternative hy­ males; Eberhard 1996) or by males (i,e" males avoid to pothesis is that the transfer of more than one sper­ transfer spermatophores to certain females). Mate re­ matophore in one copulation is result of a male disabil­ jection could be achieved by interrupting copulations ity. before successful spermatophore transfer; in this case The multipliCity of explanations, and the theoretical copulations are expected to be of short duration relevance of many of them, indicates that to report mat­ (Cordero 1993). ings in which no spermatophore is transferred and in On the other hand, it has been found that sometimes which multiple spermatophores are transferred, as well males transfer more than one spermatophore in one as its possible causes, is important. During the course of copulation (Drummond 1984). This type of mating may three laboratory experiments on spermatophore pro­ be a male adaptation to sperm competition if the trans­ duction by males of the lycaenid butterfly Callophrys fer of multiple spermatophores decreases female recep- xami (Reakirt) (Cordero 1998), in which I observed 199 VOLUME 56, NUMBER 2 107 copulations, I recorded five copulations in which no TABLE 1. Male mating status previous to relevant copulation and spermatophore was transferred and four in which more mating duration (MD) in which no spermatophore was transferred and in which two spermatophores were transferred by male Cal­ than one spermatophore was deposited in the female lophrys xami. corpus bursa. I report these observations in Table 1. My observations suggest two possible causes of fail­ Male MD ure in spermatophore transfer. First, three of the four mating status (min) Comments timed copulations lasted less (between - 7 and 15 min) Copulation without spermatophore transfer (n = 5) than the average duration (±standard error) of first A. Virgin 15 We tried to re-mate this male the copulations of the day recorded in the field (32.3 ± 4.9 same day without success; the next day he mated (31 min ) and trans­ min; Cordero 1993) or in the laboratory (26.2 ± 7.1 ferred two spermatophores (see case min, 32.9 ± 9.8 min and 35.9 ± 10.2 min, considering G); in a third mating he transferred each experiment separately; Cordero 1998), suggest­ one spermatophore ing possible "interrupted copulations" (Cordero 1993). B. Mated once 10 Previolls mating seven days before; However, only in one case I observed the female be­ male transferred one spermatophore in his first mating havior associated with such copulations. I have dis­ C. Mated once ? Previous mating the same day; male cussed the possibility that mate choice (by females or transferred one spermatophore in his males) after mating began may be the cause of inter­ first and in three subsequent matings rupted copulations (Cordero 1993). Second, female D. Mated once -7 During four min the female was mov­ deformation of the ductus bursa and corpus bursa may ing as in the "interrupted copulations" reported in Cordero (1993); this male have precluded the transfer of a spermatophore in mated the previous day during 20 min case D (Table 1). Lifelong male disabilities may be dis­ and transferred an spermatophore carded in all cases since the virgin male (case A) trans­ E. Mated once 38 The female had deformed ductus ferred one spermatophore in a posterior copulation, bursa and corpus bnrsa; this male and the four previously mated males (cases B-E) had transferred an spermatophore in his first (two days before) and in a subse- transferred one spermatophore in a previous mating quent mating and two of them in subsequent matings (Table 1). Al­ though the possibility of male exhaustion of substances Copulation with transfer of two spermatophores (n = 4) necessary for building a spermatophore cannot be dis­ F. Virgin (n = 3) -18, -25, ? These males transferred an sper­ carded in the case of the male that mated twice in a matophore in their two, two and four posterior matings, respectively day (case C), we have observed several second matings G. Mated once 31 Male of case A of the day and in all cases one spermatophore was transferred. From my observations, I cannot suggest possible causes for the cases in which two sper­ matophores were transferred during one copulation. normal" copulations occurred under apparently similar It is unlikely that the "abnormal" matings reported conditions (in fact, all "abnormal" copulations oc­ in Table 1 are purely a product of laboratory condi­ curred in days in which "normal" matings were also tions. Experimental matings were performed in cylin­ observed). drical mesh doth cages (58 em height and 26 cm di­ Although matings without spermatophore transfer ameter) hung outdoors in the natural habitat of C. and matings in which more than one spermatophore is xami, by individuals born in captivity. These conditions transferred may be adaptive for males or females, they are artificial because territorial behavior (matings in have negative effects on the fitness of at least one of the field are always performed by territorial males; the sexes (see above). The strength of the selective Cordero & Sober6n 1990, Cordero et al. 2000) and the pressures exerted by the causes of these types of cop­ initial aerial components of courtship (Cordero 1993) ulations is correlated with the frequency of such copu­ were prevented by the experimental method. How­ lations. The nine "abnormal" copulations reported in ever, in captivity all the non-aerial phases of courtship Table 1 correspond to 4.5% of all copulations observed and copulation itself are, as far as I can tell, similar to during the three experiments (n = 199); and the eight those of occurring in the wild (Cordero 1993). Fur­ males involved correspond to 10.5% of all experimen­ thermore, the duration of matings in captivity and in tal males (n = 76). the wild was very similar (see previous paragraph). Fi­ nally, the 190 experimental "normal" matings in which I thank the valuable comments made to the manuscript by Carla one spermatophore was transferred and the nine "ab- Penz and an anonymous reviewer. 108 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' SOCIETY LITERATURE CITED EBERHARD W. C. 1096. Female control. Sexual selection by cryptic female choice.