<p>ELECTRONIC APPENDIX A </p><p>Figure A.1. Mean temperature (bars) and precipitation (line) for the growing season (May-August) at Hol 2003-2007. Normal value (1961-1990) is given as a reference. Table A.1. Number of plots (= replicates) per species in each of the sheep density treatments (high, low, no sheep).</p><p>Species No Low High Alchemilla alpina 8 9 9 Bistorta vivipara 9 9 9 Hieracium alpinum 9 9 8 Leontodon autumnalis 9 5 6 Omalotheca norvegica 10 9 7 Omalotheca supina 7 8 9 Potentilla erecta 6 4 3 Pyrola minor 7 5 8 Ranunculus acris 6 9 9 Rumex acetosa 9 10 9 Saussurea alpina 4 8 4 Sibbaldia procumbens 8 9 9 Solidago virgaurea 8 4 7 Trientalis europaea 9 9 9 Viola palustris 5 6 4 Table A.2. Fixed effects of linear mixed effects models relating year, sheep density to (a) grazing frequency (arcsin-transformed), (b) flowering frequency (arcsin-transformed), c) plant height (ln- transformed) and d) plant density at the herb community level. Parameter estimates for random effects (plot nested in enclosure) are not shown. The intercept refers to the no sheep treatment in </p><p>2003. Significant effects are shown in bold.</p><p> a) Grazing frequency</p><p>Fixed effects Coefficient df t P-value</p><p>157 (Intercept) 0.017±0.019 2 0.883 0.3773</p><p>157 Y2004 -0.017±0.024 2 -0.690 0.4904</p><p>157 Y2005 0.003±0.024 2 0.140 0.8890</p><p>157 Y2006 -0.011±0.024 2 -0.444 0.6575</p><p>157 Y2007 -0.005±0.024 2 -0.184 0.8541</p><p>Low 0.092±0.027 6 3.393 0.0146</p><p>High 0.219±0.027 6 7.980 0.0002</p><p>157 Y2004:Low vs No sheep -0.046±0.035 2 -1.341 0.1800</p><p>157 Y2005:Low vs No sheep -0.036±0.035 2 -1.048 0.2949</p><p>157 Y2006:Low vs No sheep -0.034±0.035 2 -0.969 0.3328</p><p>157 Y2007:Low vs No sheep -0.006±0.035 2 -0.161 0.8720</p><p>Y2004:High vs No sheep -0.088±0.035 157 -2.507 0.0123 2</p><p>157 Y2005:High vs No sheep -0.070±0.035 2 -1.999 0.0458</p><p>157 Y2006:High vs No sheep -0.054±0.035 2 -1.553 0.1205</p><p>157 Y2007:High vs No sheep -0.036±0.035 2 -1.034 0.3014</p><p> b) Flowering frequency</p><p>Fixed effects Coefficient df t P-value</p><p>157 (Intercept) -0.048±0.031 2 -1.534 0.1252</p><p>157 Y2004 -0.017±0.039 2 -0.447 0.6551</p><p>157 Y2005 0.046±0.039 2 1.197 0.2316</p><p>157 Y2006 0.053±0.039 2 1.369 0.1712</p><p>157 Y2007 -0.112±0.039 2 -2.909 0.0037</p><p>Low -0.136±0.044 6 -3.056 0.0223</p><p>High -0.132±0.045 6 -2.915 0.0268</p><p>157 Y2004:Low vs No sheep 0.093±0.055 2 1.679 0.0933</p><p>157 Y2005:Low vs No sheep 0.051±0.055 2 0.923 0.3560</p><p>157 Y2006:Low vs No sheep 0.061±0.055 2 1.105 0.2692</p><p>157 Y2007:Low vs No sheep 0.098±0.055 2 1.770 0.0770</p><p>157 Y2004:High vs No sheep 0.045±0.056 2 0.805 0.4209</p><p>157 Y2005:High vs No sheep -0.030±0.056 2 -0.531 0.5958</p><p>157 Y2006:High vs No sheep -0.027±0.056 2 -0.482 0.6296</p><p>Y2007:High vs No sheep 0.072±0.056 157 1.290 0.1972 2</p><p> b) Plant height</p><p>Fixed effects Coefficient df t P-value</p><p>157 (Intercept) 2.074±0.092 2 22.493 0.0000</p><p>157 Y2004 -0.148±0.058 2 -2.572 0.0102</p><p>157 Y2005 -0.012±0.058 2 -0.215 0.8297</p><p>157 Y2006 0.003±0.058 2 0.048 0.9617</p><p>157 Y2007 -0.024±0.058 2 -0.419 0.6749</p><p>Low -0.051±0.128 6 -0.398 0.7049</p><p>High -0.250±0.131 6 -1.910 0.1047 157 Y2004:Low vs No sheep 0.039±0.082 2 0.472 0.6364</p><p>157 Y2005:Low vs No sheep -0.027±0.082 2 -0.326 0.7444</p><p>157 Y2006:Low vs No sheep -0.034±0.082 2 -0.408 0.6836</p><p>157 Y2007:Low vs No sheep -0.030±0.082 2 -0.359 0.7198</p><p>157 Y2004:High vs No sheep 0.044±0.083 2 0.532 0.5948</p><p>157 Y2005:High vs No sheep -0.054±0.083 2 -0.654 0.5132</p><p>157 Y2006:High vs No sheep -0.077±0.083 2 -0.926 0.3547</p><p>157 Y2007:High vs No sheep -0.087±0.083 2 -1.042 0.2975 d) Plant density</p><p>Fixed effects Coefficient df t P-value</p><p>157 (Intercept) -0.575±0.154 2 -3.727 0.0002</p><p>157 Y2004 0.376±0.134 2 2.802 0.0051</p><p>157 Y2005 0.183±0.134 2 1.364 0.1729</p><p>157 Y2006 0.149±0.134 2 1.107 0.2684</p><p>157 Y2007 -0.009±0.134 2 -0.068 0.9461</p><p>Low 0.141±0.215 6 0.662 0.5327</p><p>High 0.114±0.220 6 0.520 0.6214</p><p>157 Y2004:Low vs No sheep -0.297±0.191 2 -1.550 0.1214</p><p>157 Y2005:Low vs No sheep -0.090±0.192 2 -0.468 0.6400</p><p>157 Y2006:Low vs No sheep -0.014±0.192 2 -0.074 0.9410</p><p>157 Y2007:Low vs No sheep -0.237±0.192 2 -1.236 0.2168</p><p>157 Y2004:High vs No sheep -0.295±0.193 2 -1.527 0.1268</p><p>157 Y2005:High vs No sheep -0.004±0.193 2 -0.022 0.9821</p><p>157 Y2006:High vs No sheep 0.040±0.193 2 0.205 0.8377</p><p>157 Y2007:High vs No sheep -0.345±0.193 2 -1.786 0.0744 Table A.3. Summary of LME models in the term of t-values for each parameter for all herb species included in the experiment with significant responses to the grazing treatment. Grazing = grazing frequency, Height = plant height, Flowering = flowering frequency, Density = plant density. For simplicity, the values in bold indicate a significant difference (p < 0.05) from the intercept (enclosures with no sheep in 2003). Bistorta vivipara</p><p>Fixed effects Grazing Height Flowering Density</p><p> df t t t t</p><p>Y2004 98 -0.60 -1.16 -0.79 0.32</p><p>Y2005 98 0.54 -0.44 2.34 1.28</p><p>Y2006 98 -0.23 -0.43 0.52 0.56</p><p>Y2007 98 0.19 1.73 -1.39 -0.30</p><p>Low 6 3.48 0.66 -0.81 -0.70</p><p>High 6 1.95 -0.61 -1.24 -0.45</p><p>Y2004:Low vs No sheep 98 -2.08 1.32 3.94 -0.08</p><p>Y2005:Low vs No sheep 98 -1.47 0.56 1.23 -1.20</p><p>Y2006:Low vs No sheep 98 -1.90 0.59 3.34 0.43</p><p>Y2007:Low vs No sheep 98 -0.99 -1.47 0.64 0.98</p><p>Y2004:High vs No sheep 98 0.34 0.45 1.44 2.02</p><p>Y2005:High vs No sheep 98 -0.59 -1.17 -0.45 0.98</p><p>Y2006:High vs No sheep 98 -0.71 -0.84 0.16 2.64</p><p>Y2007:High vs No sheep 98 0.92 -1.78 1.44 1.57</p><p>Leontodon autumnalis</p><p>Fixed effects Grazing Height Flowering Density</p><p> df t t t t</p><p>Y2004 68 -0.41 -3.78 -3.60 0.68</p><p>Y2005 68 -0.41 -1.69 -0.08 0.94</p><p>Y2006 68 -0.41 -2.35 -1.94 0.75</p><p>Y2007 68 0.18 -3.15 -3.90 1.07</p><p>Low 6 1.09 -1.26 -3.05 1.26</p><p>High 6 5.17 -1.71 -1.50 -0.36</p><p>Y2004:Low vs No sheep 68 -0.84 1.28 2.75 0.51</p><p>Y2005:Low vs No sheep 68 0.53 0.50 1.75 0.65</p><p>Y2006:Low vs No sheep 68 -0.01 1.57 2.46 0.76</p><p>Y2007:Low vs No sheep 68 1.72 0.24 2.27 -0.59</p><p>Y2004:High vs No sheep 68 -2.61 1.39 1.07 0.53 Y2005:High vs No sheep 68 -1.95 1.18 2.67 0.73</p><p>Y2006:High vs No sheep 68 0.04 0.37 0.58 1.37</p><p>Y2007:High vs No sheep 68 0.56 0.01 1.69 0.98</p><p>Omalotheca norvegica</p><p>Fixed effects Grazing Height Flowering Density</p><p> df t t t t</p><p>Y2004 90 0.00 -3.96 -0.14 1.81</p><p>Y2005 90 0.00 0.76 1.32 -0.47</p><p>Y2006 90 0.26 -0.49 0.99 -0.49</p><p>Y2007 90 0.00 -4.05 -4.24 -0.03</p><p>Low 4 4.70 -4.21 -3.93 -1.02</p><p>High 4 6.47 -7.49 -3.68 -0.51</p><p>Y2004:Low vs No sheep 90 -2.26 1.88 0.66 -0.00</p><p>Y2005:Low vs No sheep 90 -1.61 -0.54 -0.14 0.34</p><p>Y2006:Low vs No sheep 90 -1.90 0.95 -0.10 0.81</p><p>Y2007:Low vs No sheep 90 -1.21 1.78 2.90 0.68</p><p>Y2004:High vs No sheep 90 -3.03 1.93 0.09 -1.05</p><p>Y2005:High vs No sheep 90 -2.42 1.80 -0.85 0.84</p><p>Y2006:High vs No sheep 90 -2.46 0.57 -0.64 0.54</p><p>Y2007:High vs No sheep 90 -1.06 2.48 2.72 -1.70</p><p>Omalotheca supina</p><p>Fixed effects Grazing Height Flowering Density</p><p> df t t t t</p><p>Y2004 84 0.00 -1.60 2.41 0.74</p><p>Y2005 84 0.00 -2.39 0.73 1.18</p><p>Y2006 84 0.00 -0.58 1.29 1.44</p><p>Y2007 84 0.00 -3.66 -0.31 -0.85</p><p>Low 6 1.58 -1.14 0.63 -0.56</p><p>High 6 0.90 0.38 3.36 0.34</p><p>Y2004:Low vs No sheep 84 -1.25 -0.60 -1.84 -0.82 Y2005:Low vs No sheep 84 -1.25 0.70 -0.85 -0.35</p><p>Y2006:Low vs No sheep 84 -1.25 -0.09 -0.55 -1.17</p><p>Y2007:Low vs No sheep 84 -1.25 1.85 -0.68 0.22</p><p>Y2004:High vs No sheep 84 -0.64 0.32 -2.68 -1.66</p><p>Y2005:High vs No sheep 84 0.45 1.70 -1.19 -1.65</p><p>Y2006:High vs No sheep 84 1.25 0.27 -1.46 -0.74</p><p>Y2007:High vs No sheep 84 -0.64 1.50 -1.39 0.20</p><p>Potentilla erecta</p><p>Fixed effects Grazing Height Flowering Density</p><p> df t t t t</p><p>Y2004 40 0.00 -2.17 -1.63 1.60</p><p>Y2005 40 0.00 -1.01 -2.63 1.06</p><p>Y2006 40 0.00 -0.90 -1.97 2.68</p><p>Y2007 40 0.41 -1.22 -1.69 -0.09</p><p>Low 2 0.90 -2.13 -3.07 -0.26</p><p>High 2 4.36 -0.57 -1.00 -0.97</p><p>Y2004:Low vs No sheep 40 -0.74 2.27 1.38 -0.99</p><p>Y2005:Low vs No sheep 40 0.68 2.12 2.06 -0.71</p><p>Y2006:Low vs No sheep 40 0.20 -0.19 0.08 -0.92</p><p>Y2007:Low vs No sheep 40 0.19 2.30 2.13 -0.77</p><p>Y2004:High vs No sheep 40 -0.84 0.08 0.68 -0.49</p><p>Y2005:High vs No sheep 40 -3.17 0.02 -0.23 -0.25</p><p>Y2006:High vs No sheep 40 -1.75 0.33 0.34 -1.03</p><p>Y2007:High vs No sheep 40 -2.67 -0.12 -0.34 0.25</p><p>Pyrola minor</p><p>Fixed effects Grazing Height Flowering Density</p><p> df t t t t</p><p>Y2004 67 0.00 2.23 0.08 0.78</p><p>Y2005 67 0.00 1.07 -0.81 1.15</p><p>Y2006 67 0.00 1.92 1.67 0.70 Y2007 67 0.00 1.92 0.05 0.97</p><p>Low 5 0.59 2.24 0.28 0.98</p><p>High 5 3.57 2.14 -0.87 -0.36</p><p>Y2004:Low vs No sheep 67 -0.52 -1.87 0.15 0.20</p><p>Y2005:Low vs No sheep 67 0.44 -1.68 -0.21 -0.90</p><p>Y2006:Low vs No sheep 67 -0.52 -1.66 -0.35 1.78</p><p>Y2007:Low vs No sheep 67 -0.52 -1.27 -0.66 -1.20</p><p>Y2004:High vs No sheep 67 -2.04 -1.94 0.53 0.04</p><p>Y2005:High vs No sheep 67 -1.83 -1.20 0.59 -0.61</p><p>Y2006:High vs No sheep 67 -1.48 -2.04 -0.38 -0.52</p><p>Y2007:High vs No sheep 67 0.13 -2.15 0.05 -0.57</p><p>Rumex acetosa</p><p>Fixed effects Grazing Height Flowering Density</p><p> df t t t t</p><p>Y2004 100 -0.86 -0.35 -1.59 0.84</p><p>Y2005 100 -0.86 0.26 -1.39 1.44</p><p>Y2006 100 -0.86 1.17 -0.20 1.47</p><p>Y2007 100 -0.86 0.49 -2.40 0.27</p><p>Low 5 1.44 -0.63 -2.31 -0.54</p><p>High 5 3.09 -1.93 -2.64 0.46</p><p>Y2004:Low vs No sheep 100 -0.64 0.53 1.84 0.16</p><p>Y2005:Low vs No sheep 100 0.37 -0.00 1.74 -0.63</p><p>Y2006:Low vs No sheep 100 -0.37 0.58 1.82 -0.50</p><p>Y2007:Low vs No sheep 100 0.04 0.07 2.05 0.20</p><p>Y2004:High vs No sheep 100 0.33 0.90 1.46 -0.58</p><p>Y2005:High vs No sheep 100 0.50 1.05 1.07 0.09</p><p>Y2006:High vs No sheep 100 -0.55 -0.43 0.92 -0.48</p><p>Y2007:High vs No sheep 100 1.12 -0.15 1.70 -0.52</p><p>Saussurea alpina</p><p>Fixed effects Grazing Height Flowering Density df t t t t</p><p>Y2004 52 0.00 0.18 -1.82 1.30</p><p>Y2005 52 0.00 -0.05 -2.89 0.68</p><p>Y2006 52 0.00 0.68 1.48 1.14</p><p>Y2007 52 0.00 0.37 -2.89 0.30</p><p>Low 5 0.51 -0.38 -2.34 0.02</p><p>High 5 4.11 -0.90 -2.13 -0.50</p><p>Y2004:Low vs No sheep 52 0.62 -1.07 1.49 -0.63</p><p>Y2005:Low vs No sheep 52 0.57 -0.59 2.36 -0.22</p><p>Y2006:Low vs No sheep 52 0.87 -1.16 -1.21 0.46</p><p>Y2007:Low vs No sheep 52 1.21 -0.95 2.36 -0.22</p><p>Y2004:High vs No sheep 52 -1.83 -0.00 1.29 -0.59</p><p>Y2005:High vs No sheep 52 -1.59 0.03 2.04 -0.41</p><p>Y2006:High vs No sheep 52 -0.72 -1.72 -1.05 -0.79</p><p>Y2007:High vs No sheep 52 -0.61 -0.90 2.04 -0.08</p><p>Sibbaldia procumbens</p><p>Fixed effects Grazing Height Flowering Density</p><p> df t t t t</p><p>Y2004 84 0.00 -0.97 0.31 2.10</p><p>Y2005 84 0.00 0.42 0.21 0.81</p><p>Y2006 84 0.00 0.32 0.48 -0.33</p><p>Y2007 84 0.00 -0.14 -0.46 -0.92</p><p>Low 6 1.42 3.11 -1.21 -0.10</p><p>High 6 1.89 0.59 -0.20 0.46</p><p>Y2004:Low vs No sheep 84 -1.39 -1.45 1.00 -1.19</p><p>Y2005:Low vs No sheep 84 -1.08 -1.71 0.42 -0.31</p><p>Y2006:Low vs No sheep 84 -1.08 -1.28 1.76 0.40</p><p>Y2007:Low vs No sheep 84 -0.67 -1.42 0.11 0.66</p><p>Y2004:High vs No sheep 84 -1.84 -0.89 0.91 -1.78</p><p>Y2005:High vs No sheep 84 0.99 -1.28 -0.31 -1.67</p><p>Y2006:High vs No sheep 84 -0.96 -2.31 0.72 0.06 Y2007:High vs No sheep 84 -0.48 -2.19 -0.41 -0.71</p><p>Solidago virgaurea</p><p>Fixed effects Grazing Height Flowering Density</p><p> df t t t t</p><p>Y2004 64 -1.22 -0.60 1.03 1.77</p><p>Y2005 64 -1.22 1.06 2.23 0.09</p><p>Y2006 64 -1.22 -0.48 4.78 0.14</p><p>Y2007 64 -1.22 0.57 0.42 0.31</p><p>Low 5 1.35 0.08 -0.45 0.22</p><p>High 5 5.14 -2.74 -0.88 1.83</p><p>Y2004:Low vs No sheep 64 1.42 -0.77 -0.94 -0.75</p><p>Y2005:Low vs No sheep 64 -0.18 -1.87 -1.63 0.26</p><p>Y2006:Low vs No sheep 64 0.32 -0.82 -3.11 -0.01</p><p>Y2007:Low vs No sheep 64 0.64 -0.82 -0.59 -0.57</p><p>Y2004:High vs No sheep 64 -1.30 -0.10 -0.85 -1.82</p><p>Y2005:High vs No sheep 64 -0.34 -0.78 -1.66 -0.05</p><p>Y2006:High vs No sheep 64 -0.26 0.08 -3.41 0.82</p><p>Y2007:High vs No sheep 64 -2.00 -0.58 -0.43 -1.83</p><p>Trientalis europaea</p><p>Fixed effects Grazing Height Flowering Density</p><p> df t t t t</p><p>Y2004 96 0.00 -1.60 -2.62 0.11</p><p>Y2005 96 0.00 -3.13 -1.96 0.64</p><p>Y2006 96 0.75 -1.90 -1.31 1.13</p><p>Y2007 96 0.00 0.52 -0.59 0.51</p><p>Low 6 0.00 0.66 -1.85 0.64</p><p>High 6 0.00 1.37 -2.26 0.42</p><p>Y2004:Low vs No sheep 96 0.00 0.32 1.39 0.71</p><p>Y2005:Low vs No sheep 96 0.00 0.63 2.52 1.37</p><p>Y2006:Low vs No sheep 96 0.00 0.24 0.63 -0.61 Y2007:Low vs No sheep 96 0.50 0.58 0.81 -0.83</p><p>Y2004:High vs No sheep 96 -1.04 2.23 0.73 0.53</p><p>Y2005:High vs No sheep 96 -0.05 -0.22 1.97 0.74</p><p>Y2006:High vs No sheep 96 1.48 -1.07 0.56 -0.64</p><p>Y2007:High vs No sheep 96 2.88 -3.89 -0.22 -0.88</p><p>Viola palustris</p><p>Fixed effects Grazing Height Flowering Density</p><p> df t t t t</p><p>Y2004 48 0.00 -4.93 -2.40 -1.84</p><p>Y2005 48 0.00 -2.19 -1.77 -1.62</p><p>Y2006 48 0.90 -2.24 -0.11 -1.90</p><p>Y2007 48 0.90 -3.00 -2.40 -1.49</p><p>Low 5 1.56 0.14 -0.85 -1.71</p><p>High 5 3.47 -0.74 -2.18 -1.40</p><p>Y2004:Low vs No sheep 48 -1.11 1.05 0.60 1.62</p><p>Y2005:Low vs No sheep 48 -1.11 -0.40 0.13 1.23</p><p>Y2006:Low vs No sheep 48 -1.77 -0.74 2.25 -1.83</p><p>Y2007:Low vs No sheep 48 0.22 0.99 1.30 -1.22</p><p>Y2004:High vs No sheep 48 -2.46 2.39 1.60 1.45</p><p>Y2005:High vs No sheep 48 -0.71 0.79 1.18 1.32</p><p>Y2006:High vs No sheep 48 -3.06 -0.19 0.07 3.58</p><p>Y2007:High vs No sheep 48 -0.64 0.45 1.60 1.86</p>