<p>GOLGI APPARATUS - TRANSPORT VESICLES LEAVE ER FOR GOLGI - CENTER OF MANUFACTURING, WAREHOUSING, SORTING, & SHIPPING. - PRODUCTS RECEIVED FROM ER ARE MODIFIED & SENT TO OTHER DESTINATIONS **STRUCTURE** - CISTERNAE- FLATTENED MEMBRANOUS SACS (ALMOST LIKE A STACK OF PANCAKES - 2 SIDES - CIS FACE- RECEIVING SIDE, USUALLY CLOSER TO THE ER - TRANS FACE- SHIPS VESICLES THAT BUD HERE TO OTHER PLACES - BETWEEN CIS & TRANS ENDS, DIFFERENT CISTERNAE DO DIFFERENT MODS. W/ DIFFERENT ENZYMES - JUST BEFORE THE PRODUCTS LEAVE, THEY ARE GIVEN “ID”, CERTAIN GROUPS ON MEMBRANES</p><p>LYSOSOMES - MEMBRANE-BOUND SAC OF ENZYMES - CELL USES LYS. TO DIGEST MACROMOLECULES - pH OF THE INSIDE IS USUALLY AROUND 5 - LYS. PUMPS H+ IONS FROM THE CYTOSOL INTO THE INSIDE</p><p>1 - MANY LYS. BUD FROM GOLGI, INITIALLY FROM ENZYMES PRODUCED ON ROUGH ER - HELPS W/ PHAGOCYTOSIS- CELL INGESTS A FOOD PARTICLE. THIS NEW FOOD VESICLE FUSES W/ LYS. & GETS DIGESTED. - EXAMPLE- TADPOLE TO FROG. TAIL GETS DIGESTED BY LYSOSOMES - TAY-SACHS DISEASE- LIPID-DIGESTING ENZYME IS MISSING OR INACTIVE, BRAIN BECOMES IMPAIRED BY TOO MANY LIPIDS</p><p>VACUOLES - FRESHWATER PROTISTS HAVE CONTRACTILE VACUOLES- PUMP EXCESS WATER OUT. - PLANT CELLS- CENTRAL VACUOLE- a) STORES PROTEINS b) METABOLIC BY-PRODUCTS c) PIGMENTS THAT COLOR FLOWER PETALS d) ALSO IMPORTANT IN GROWTH OF PLANT B/C ITS ABLE TO ACCUMULATE WATER</p><p>MITOCHONDRIA - SITE OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION (NRG PRODUCTION OF CELLS) - 2 MEMBRANES a) OUTER MEMBRANE, SMOOTH b) INNER MEMBRANE- MANY INFOLDINGS, CALLED CRISTAE- THIS INCREASES SURFACE AREA, ALLOWS FOR MORE NRG PROD.</p><p>2 - THIS DIVIDES INSIDE OF MITO. INTO 2 INTERNAL COMPARTMENTS - NARROW REGION BETWEEN MEMBRANES - MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX- SITE OF MOST OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION - ALSO CONTAIN DNA THAT CODES FOR SPECIFIC PROTEINS, & RIBOSOMES TO MAKE THEM.</p><p>CHLOROPLASTS - SITE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN PLANTS - LENS-SHAPED- 2 MEMBRANES VERY CLOSE TOGETHER - INSIDE CHLOROPLAST ARE MANY FLATTENED SACS, STACKED, CALLED THYLAKOIDS - A STACK IS CALLED A GRANUM (PL. GRANA) - FLUID OUTSIDE THYLAKOIDS IS CALLED STROMA</p><p>PEROXISOMES - SOME USE OXYGEN TO BREAK FATTY ACIDS INTO SMALLER MOLECULES FOR USE IN RESPIRATION - HELP TO DETOXIFY ALCOHOL - HYDROGEN IS A BY-PRODUCT OF THESE RXNS. - WHEN ITS LEVELS GET TOO HIGH, CATALASE IN THE PEROXISOME BREAK IT INTO WATER & OXYGEN</p><p>3 CYTOSKELETON - MICROTUBULES, MICROFILAMENTS, & INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS - ALL HELP TO MAINTAIN SHAPE OF CELL - ALSO HELP IN: 1) CELL MOTILITY (CILIA & FLAGELLA) 2) CHROMOSOME MOVEMENT 3) ORGANELLE MOVEMENT 4) CHANGES IN CELL SHAPE 5) MUSCLE CONTRACTION 6) ANCHORAGE OF NUCLEUS & SOME ORGANELLES</p><p>4</p>