<p>Psychotherapies and Treatments Crosswalked with David Myers Psychology 9e </p><p>What is Therapy? </p><p>Are there different kinds of psychotherapy? </p><p>Yes; we will look at four major forms of psychotherapies based on different theories of human nature</p><p>Psychoanalysis</p><p>The first formal psychotherapy to emerge was psychoanalysis, developed by Sigmund Freud. </p><p>Psychoanalysis: Aims</p><p>Assumptions: Psychological problems originate from childhood repressed impulses and conflicts</p><p>Goal of therapy: Bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness where the patient can understand and resolve them.</p><p>Psychoanalysis: Methods</p><p>Role of the therapist: Active</p><p>Leading patient to insight</p><p>Providing Interpretation</p><p>Methods</p><p>Free association – The patient lies on a couch and speaks about whatever comes to his or her mind.</p><p>The goal is to unravel the unconscious mind and its conflicts by encouraging thoughts to flow freely without interruptions or inhibition. </p><p>Psychoanalysis: Methods</p><p>Resistance – Look for evidence that the patient is avoiding an issue</p><p>Dream Interpretation – Look for the “latent” content – symbols that are disguised unconscious issues or motives</p><p>Transferences – Look for how the patient/therapist relationship mirrors unresolved conflicts in the patients past</p><p>Projective Tests </p><p>Psychoanalysis: Methods</p><p>During free association, the patient edits his thoughts, resisting his or her feelings to express emotions. Such resistance becomes important in the analysis of conflict-driven anxiety.</p><p>Psychoanalysis: Criticisms</p><p>1. Psychoanalysis is hard to refute because it cannot be proven or disproven.</p><p>2. Psychoanalysis takes a long time and is very expensive. What is Interpersonal Psychotherapy? </p><p>Interpersonal psychotherapy is a variation of psychodynamic therapy, a therapy influenced by Freud. Unlike psychoanalysis, it focuses on symptom relief here and now, not an overall personality change. </p><p>Psychodynamic Therapy: Interpersonal Psychotherapy </p><p>Assumptions</p><p>Interpersonal factors contribute heavily to psychological problems</p><p>Goals of therapy </p><p>Find common themes in relationships, indentify and explore defensive thoughts and feelings, improve relationships</p><p>Emphasis</p><p>Interpersonal Relationships</p><p>Past & Present</p><p>Sense of self</p><p>Psychodynamic Therapy: Interpersonal Psychotherapy </p><p>Role of Therapist</p><p>Interactive</p><p>Face to face </p><p>Methods </p><p>Identification of problem areas: unresolved grief, role disputes, role transitions, or interpersonal deficits</p><p>Humanistic Therapies</p><p>Humanistic therapists aim to boost self-fulfillment by helping people grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance. </p><p>Client-Centered Therapy</p><p>Client-Centered Therapy</p><p>Humanistic Therapy: Methods </p><p>The therapist engages in active listening and echoes, restates, and clarifies the patient’s thinking, acknowledging expressed feelings.</p><p>Humanistic Therapy: Methods </p><p>Active listening</p><p>Genuineness – Therapist is completely honest and spontaneous with client</p><p>Acceptance - Unconditional positive regard, patient, nonjudgmental Empathy – An understanding of the client’s point of view www.manifestation.com/neurotoys/eliza.php3 </p><p>Treats people as “clients” rather than patients</p><p>Creates atmosphere that emphasizes the clients tendency toward health </p><p>What is Behavior Therapy? </p><p>An ‘action’ therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.</p><p>Assumptions</p><p>Behavior is learned</p><p>Goals</p><p>Unlearn maladaptive behavior and learn adaptive ones</p><p>Emphasis</p><p>Conscious</p><p>Present and the future</p><p>What is Behavior Therapy? </p><p>Role of the Therapist</p><p>Teach new, more satisfying ways of behaving</p><p>Methods</p><p>Classical Conditioning techniques</p><p>Operant Conditioning techniques</p><p>Classical Conditioning Techniques</p><p>Counterconditioning is a procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors.</p><p>Exposure Therapy</p><p>Expose patients to things they fear and avoid. Through repeated exposures, anxiety lessens because they habituate to the things feared.</p><p>Exposure Therapy</p><p>Exposure therapy involves exposing people to fear-driving objects in real or virtual environments.</p><p>Systematic Desensitization</p><p>A type of exposure therapy that reduces fear and anxiety by associating a new, pleasant, relaxed state with stimuli that have been causing the fear and anxiety.. Systematic Desensitization</p><p>Aversive Conditioning</p><p>A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior. With this technique, temporary conditioned aversion to alcohol has been reported.</p><p>Operant Conditioning</p><p>Operant conditioning procedures enable therapists to use behavior modification, in which desired behaviors are rewarded and undesired behaviors are either unrewarded or punished.</p><p>Token Economy</p><p>In institutional settings, therapists may create a token economy in which patients exchange a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats.</p><p>What is Cognitive Therapy? </p><p>Assumptions</p><p>Thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.</p><p>Problem emotions result from faulty thought processes</p><p>People disturb themselves with their own thoughts </p><p>Goals </p><p>Identify maladaptive ways of thinking</p><p>Replace maladaptive ways of thinking with adaptive ways</p><p>Emphasis</p><p>Problem centered</p><p>Thinking/perceptions/beliefs</p><p>Conscious mental experiences </p><p>Cognitive Therapy </p><p>Role of therapist</p><p>Directive role</p><p>Examine thoughts</p><p>Help restructure thought processes</p><p>Methods Teach people adaptive ways of thinking and acting</p><p>Example</p><p>Beck’s Cognitive Therapy </p><p>Beck’s Therapy for Depression</p><p>Aaron Beck (1979) suggests that depressed patients believe that they can never be happy (thinking) and thus associate minor failings (e.g. failing a test [event]) in life as major causes for their depression.</p><p>Beck’s Therapy for Depression </p><p>Depression reflects maladaptive thought processes.</p><p>Depressives distort experiences & maintain negative views of themselves, the world, their future</p><p>Examples of Cognitive Distortions:</p><p>Selective perception: Depressed person focuses on negative events, while ignoring positive life events</p><p>Overgeneralization: Depressed persons draw negative conclusions about their self-worth, based on minimal data</p><p>Magnification: Person magnifies the significance of a negative event </p><p>All-or-none thinking: Everything is good or bad</p><p>Stress Inoculation Training</p><p>What is Cognitive-Behavior Therapy? </p><p>Cognitive therapists often combine the reversal of self-defeated thinking with efforts to modify behavior. </p><p>Ellis’ Rational-Emotive Therapy</p><p>Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)</p><p>Based on the idea that irrational interpretations of life experiences are the cause of negative emotions and mental disorders.</p><p>Irrational/self-defeating beliefs involve absolutes (“musts” and “shoulds”) that allow no room for mistakes.</p><p>Musterbations irrational belief that you must do or have something</p><p>Awfulizing mental exaggeration of setbacks</p><p>Ellis’ ABC theory of emotions</p><p>A = activating event in the environment Following are 4 brief descriptions of how different therapists might approach a problem for which you have sought their help. Your task is to state or describe what kind of therapy each therapist is using to help you solve your problem.</p><p>Therapist 1: </p><p>Your therapist counsels you that it is impossible for you to be loved or cared for by all people who are significant at your job and in your community. She further urges you to abandon the irrational approach you take to interpreting the events that occur in your life. </p><p>Therapist 2: </p><p>Upon entering her office, your therapist asks you to sit down and be comfortable. She then tells you that you should speak freely, and not to worry about censoring any thoughts you may have during the therapy session. She sits behind you to minimize any eye contact--she does not wish to serve as an authority figure during your session. At one point she cautions you about becoming defensive and suggests that you might be unconsciously attempting to block her access into gaining insight into the inner workings of your thought processes.</p><p>Therapist 3: </p><p>After spending some time with your therapist, it becomes obvious to you that she believes you are making unrealistic comparisons between the person you are and the person that you would like to be. You find that she mirrors many of your statements, as if asking you to reflect upon what you have just said. At the same time, you are convinced that she holds you in high esteem, no strings attached.</p><p>Therapist 4: </p><p>After confessing to your therapist that you are horribly afraid of bees, he works with you to construct a hierarchy of stimuli that are increasingly fearful to you. Lowest in the hierarchy is reading the word buzz and the highest on the list is seeing a bee flying close to your face. Once the hierarchy is completed, he teaches how to feel relaxed to these stimuli, starting first with the stimuli to which you are least afraid.</p><p>An observation of one session with OCD patient using</p><p>Cognitive Therapy</p><p>Behavioral Therapy ( Exposure)</p><p>Drug Therapy</p><p>Group & Family Therapies</p><p>Group Therapy</p><p>Advantages of group therapy:</p><p>Economy: group therapy is less expensive</p><p>Group support: there is comfort in knowing that others have similar problems</p><p>Feedback: group members learn from each other</p><p>Behavioral rehearsal: group members can role-play the activities of the key persons in a member’s life Group therapies</p><p>Family Therapy - Treats the family as a system. Therapy guides family members toward positive relationships and improved communication.</p><p>Couples Therapy - The focus is on the relationship rather than the individual </p><p>Self-help support groups – Groups that provide social support and an opportunity for sharing ideas about common problems; may be organized by/run by laypersons (not professional therapists)</p><p>Evaluating Therapies</p><p>Who do people turn to for help with psychological difficulties?</p><p>Outcome Research</p><p>Research shows that treated patients were 80% better than untreated ones.</p><p>The Relative Effectiveness of Different Therapies</p><p>Which psychotherapy would be most effective for treating a particular problem?</p><p>Commonalities Among Psychotherapies</p><p>Three commonalities shared by all forms of psychotherapies are the following:</p><p>The Biomedical Therapies </p><p>Drug Therapies </p><p>Antipsychotic Drugs</p><p>Atypical Antipsychotic</p><p>Antianxiety Drugs</p><p>Antidepressant Drugs</p><p>Mood-Stabilizing Medications</p><p>Brain Stimulation</p><p>Alternatives to ECT rTMS</p><p>Can be used for the treatment of depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder</p><p>Psychosurgery – The general term for surgical intervention in the brain to treat psychological disorders</p><p>A frontal lobotomy involves surgically cutting the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain</p>