<p>Appendix 1. Collecting information and voucher details for specimens used in this study. Repositories abbreviated as follow: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (MCZ), Western Australian Museum (WAM).</p><p>FAMILY CHTHONIIDAE SUBFAMILY PSEUDOTYRANNOCHTHONIINAE Afrochthonius godfreyi (Ellingsen, 1912) SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal: Drakensberg Mountains, near Champagne Castle Hotel, 29°03'28"S, 029°24'28"E, 2-3 April 2001, M.S. Harvey, J.M. Waldock, E.S. Volschenk, under rocks MCZ DNA103084 / WAM T65472</p><p>Pseudotyrannochthonius sp. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Mt Cooke, 32°24'S, 116°18'E, 20 July 2002, M.S. Harvey, M.G. Rix, M.E. Blosfelds, sifted litter MCZ DNA103085 / WAM T65471</p><p>Pseudotyrannochthonius sp. CHILE: Valdivia: Parque Oncol, Sendero Quitaqui, 39°41'S, 73°18'W, 19 January 2001, T. Cekalovic MCZ DNA103086 / WAM T68986</p><p>Selachochthonius sp. SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal: Drakensberg Mountains, near Champagne Castle Hotel, 29°03'28"S, 029°24'28"E, 2-3 April 2001, M.S.Harvey, J.M.Waldock, E.S.Volschenk, under rocks MCZ DNA103087 / WAM T65470</p><p>SUBFAMILY CHTHONIINAE Apochthonius sp. U.S.A.: Maryland: Garrett County: Swallow Falls State Park, 39°27’N, 79°28’W, 8 May 2001, J. Shultz, litter MCZ DNA103088 / WAM T68987</p><p>Austrochthonius sp. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Gleneagle State Forest, 32°16'21"S, 116°09'53"E, 6 August 2005, M.S. Harvey, forest litter, jarrah/marri woodland MCZ DNA103089 / WAM T68629</p><p>Austrochthonius sp. CHILE: Los Lagos: Isla Chiloé, km 5 SW of Chonchi, ca. 42°37’S, 73°49’W, 30 January 2001, T. Cekalovic MCZ DNA103090/ WAM T67137</p><p>Austrochthonius sp. CHILE: Bío-Bío: Concepción: Villuco, 16 September 2006, T. Cekalovic, et al. MCZ DNA103091 / WAM T67149</p><p>Chthonius (Chthonius) sp. FRANCE: Massif Central: Mont Aigoual, P.N. des Cévennes, 44°06'05"N, 003°31'32"E, 1250 m, 26 July 2001, G. Giribet (T67141); 44°06'18"N, 003°34'54"E, 617 m, 26/7/2001, G. Giribet (T67142) MCZ DNA103092 / WAM T67141, WAM T67142</p><p>Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) sp. SPAIN: Galicia: Pontevedra: Valle del Río Barragán, Moscoso, 42°19'04"N, 008°29'16"E, 209 m, 21 July 2001, G. Giribet, M.K. Nishiguchi MCZ DNA103093 / WAM T67143</p><p>Drepanochthonius sp. CHILE: Bío-Bío: Lago Lanalhue (in front of Punta Vaina), 11 January 2007, T. Cekalovic et al. MCZ DNA103094 / WAM T67150</p><p>Kleptochthonius sp. U.S.A.: Maryland: Garrett Co.: Swallow Falls State Park, near Oakland, 39°27’N, 79°28’W, July 2000, J. Shultz, litter MCZ DNA103095 / WAM T68992</p><p>Lagynochthonius johni (Redikorzev, 1922) INDONESIA: Jawa Barat: Gunung Cikuray, 07º19’05”S, 107º52’20”E, 2137 m, 10 June 2006, R. Clouse, G. Giribet, C. Rahmadi MCZ DNA103096 / WAM T67104</p><p>Paraliochthonius sp. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Berthier Island, 14°31'14.0”S, 124°59'08.8”E, 25 March 2007, J.M. Waldock, K. Edward, under basaltic rocks, intertidal zone MCZ DNA103097 / WAM T66747</p><p>Pseudochthonius sp. EQUATORIAL GUINEA: Niefang District: Moca, Parque Nacional de Monte Alén 01º39’29”N, 10º18’41”E, 784 m, 31 July 2003, G. Giribet, C. Prieto MCZ DNA103098/ WAM T65489, WAM T65490</p><p>Sathrochthonius insulanus Beier, 1976 AUSTRALIA: New South Wales: Lord Howe Island, Mt Gower, East end of summit, 31°34'53"S, 159°04'43"E, 28 August 2001, I. Hutton, leaf litter MCZ DNA103099 / WAM T68995</p><p>Tyrannochthonius sp. COLOMBIA: Depto de Amazonas: Track heading W off Km 13.5 N of Leticia, 04º07’13”S, 69º58’31”W, 84 m, 5 November 2004, L.R. Benavides, G. Giribet, R. Mesa MCZ DNA103100 / WAM T67144</p><p>FAMILY LECHYTIIDAE Lechytia hoffi Muchmore, 1975 U.S.A.: California: Nevada County: Sagehen Creek Field Station, 39°25'58"N, 120°14'37"W, 8 July 2002, M.S. Harvey, under rocks in conifer forest MCZ DNA103101 / WAM T60400</p><p>FAMILY TRIDENCHTHONIIDAE SUBFAMILY VERRUCADITHINAE Anaulacodithella sp. NEW CALEDONIA: Monts Koghis, toward Mt Moné, 22°10'10.5"S, 166°30'31.6"E, 610 m, 10 April 2007, J. Murienne, P. Sharma, litter MCZ DNA103102 / WAM T67146</p><p>FAMILY FEAELLIDAE Feaella anderseni Harvey, 1989 AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Bonaparte Archipelago, Steep Head Island, 14°26'48"S, 125°59'40"E, 6 September 2002, M.S. Harvey, R.J. Teale, under rocks, vine thicket MCZ DNA102369 / WAM T63158</p><p>FAMILY PSEUDOGARYPIDAE Neopseudogarypus scutellatus Morris, 1948 AUSTRALIA: Tasmania: Launceston, Cataract Gorge, Daffodil Walk, 41°26'44"S, 147°06'57"E, 4 September 2005, M.S. Harvey, under rocks MCZ DNA103103 / WAM T66388</p><p>Pseudogarypus bicornis (Banks, 1895) U.S.A.: California: Sierra County: Wild Plum Campground, 1.5 miles E. of Sierra City, 39°34'N, 120°36'W, 4200 feet, 13 June 2005, D. Ubick MCZ DNA103104 / WAM T66389</p><p>FAMILY GYMNOBISIIDAE Mirobisium sp. CHILE: Valdivia: Parque Concol, Sendero Terrero, 39°41'S, 73°18'W, 434 m, 7 February 2004, T. Cekalovic MCZ DNA103105 / WAM T68994</p><p>FAMILY HYIDAE Indohya sp. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: South Maret Island, plateau above North-east Beach, 14°26'11.6"S, 124°59'20.7"E, 19 March 2007, J.M. Waldock, K. Edward, sifted litter MCZ DNA103121 / WAM T82510</p><p>FAMILY IDEORONCIDAE Pseudalbiorix veracruzensis (Hoff, 1945) MEXICO: Oaxaca: Acatlán, 2.3 km past Laguna Verde, 18º27’20”N, 96º42’06”W, 86 m, 2 April 2004, J. Bueno-Villegas, G. Giribet, R. Macías-Ordóñez MCZ DNA103106 / WAM T65487</p><p>FAMILY NEOBISIIDAE SUBFAMILY MICROCREAGRINAE Lissocreagris sp. U.S.A.: North Carolina: Macon County: FR 440, crossing Big Tuni Creek, 0.1 miles Bob Allison Picnic Area, 35°08.777'N, 83°41.844'W, 3180 feet, 30 August 2002, M. Hedin, P. Paquin, M. Lowder MCZ DNA103107 / WAM T67102</p><p>Saetigerocreagris sp. U.S.A.: California: San Bernadino Co.: Seven Oaks, 34°11'11"N, 116°55'11"W, 1600 m, 25 June 2002, M.S. Harvey, under rock MCZ DNA103108 / WAM T67101</p><p>Stenohya hamata (Leclerc and Mahnert, 1988) THAILAND: Chiang Mai Province: Doi Inthanon National Park, 18°35'06"N, 098°28'52"E, 2460 m, 26 December 2001, P. Schwendinger, lower montane forest MCZ DNA103109 / WAM T65485</p><p>Tuberocreagris lata (Hoff, 1945) U.S.A.: Maryland: Montgomery County: Unity, woodlot E. of Tusculum farm, 39°14'N, 77°04'W, 30 April 2001, J. Shultz, leaf litter and under stones MCZ DNA103110 / WAM T67100</p><p>SUBFAMILY NEOBISIINAE Microbisium parvulum (Banks, 1895) U.S.A.: Maryland: Montgomery County: Unity, woodlot E. of Tusculum Farm, 39°14'N, 77°04'W, 30 April 2001, J. Shultz, leaf litter and under stones MCZ DNA103111 / WAM T65486</p><p>Neobisium polonicum Rafalski, 1936 SLOVAKIA: Nová Sedlica: Stuzicka reika (brook), 49°03’N, 22°32’E, 650 m, 25 August 2001, F. Šťáhlavský, under stones MCZ DNA103112 / WAM T65483</p><p>Novobisium tenue (Chamberlin, 1930) U.S.A.: North Carolina: Haywood County: Hwy 276, ca. 1 mile N. BRP, 35°22'06"N, 82°47'75"W, 4,400 feet, 4 September 2002, M. Hedin, P. Paquin, F. Coyle MCZ DNA103113 / WAM T67099</p><p>Roncus transsilvanicus Beier, 1928 SLOVAKIA: Nová Sedlica: Stuzicka reika (brook), 49°03’N, 22°32’E, 650 m, 25 August 2001, F. Šťáhlavský, under stones MCZ DNA103114 / WAM T65484</p><p>FAMILY PARAHYIDAE Parahya submersa (Bristowe, 1931) AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Bonaparte Archipelago, Steep Head Island, 14°26'52"S, 125°59'44"E, 6 September 2002, M.S. Harvey, intertidal zone MCZ DNA103115 / WAM T57298, WAM T65477, WAM T65478</p><p>FAMILY SYARINIDAE SUBFAMILY CHITRELLINAE Chitrella cala (Chamberlin, 1930) U.S.A.: California: Sierra County: Wild Plum Campground, 1.5 miles E. of Sierra City 39°34'N, 120°36'W, 4200 feet, 13 June 2005, D. Ubick MCZ DNA103116 / WAM T66390</p><p>SUBFAMILY IDEOBISIINAE Ideobisium sp. COLOMBIA: Depto de Boyacá: Santuario de Fauna y Flora Iguaque, 5°42'36"N, 073°27'50"E, 2841 m, 31 October 2004, L. Benavides, D. Campos, C. Flórez, G. Giribet, mixed forest dominated by Quercus humboldtii MCZ DNA103117 / WAM T65481</p><p>Ideoblothrus sp. COLOMBIA: Depto de Nariño: Reserva Natural Río Ñambí, 1°17'06"N, 078°04'25"E, 1448 m, 10 Nov 2004, L.R. Benavides, L. Cabrera, G. Castillo, C. Flórez, G. Giribet, M. Romo, V. Solarte MCZ DNA103118 / WAM T65473</p><p>Nannobisium sp. EQUATORIAL GUINEA: Niefang District: Moca, Parque Nacional de Monte Alén, 01º39’29”N, 10º18’41”E, 784 m, 31 July 2003, G. Giribet, C. Prieto MCZ DNA103119 / WAM T65488</p><p>SUBFAMILY SYARININAE Syarinus sp. CANADA: Alberta: North Saskatchewan River valley, Edmonton, 26 June 2006, H. Proctor MCZ DNA103120 / WAM T67147</p><p>FAMILY GARYPIDAE Anagarypus heatwolei Muchmore, 1982 AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Barrow Island, Flacourt Bay, 20°44'35"S, 115°22'57"E, 4 March 2005, K. Edward, L. Mould, under rocks MCZ DNA103122 / WAM T65212 Synsphyronus apimelus Harvey, 1987 AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Stirling Range National Park, Toolbrunup Peak, 34°23'24"S, 118°03'14"E, 5 April 2004, M.S. Harvey, under rocks MCZ DNA103123 / WAM T60403</p><p>FAMILY GEOGARYPIDAE Geogarypus sp. SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal: Ndumo Game Reserve, 26°54'39.5"S, 32°16'24"E, 7 January 2007, C. Haddad MCZ DNA103124 / WAM T67148</p><p>FAMILY LARCIDAE Larca lata (Hansen, 1884) CZECH REPUBLIC: Jihomoravský Kraj: Lanzhot, Chanov reserve, 48°44'N, 16°58'E, 24 April 1999, F. Stahlavsky, tree hollow of Quercus robur MCZ DNA103125 / WAM T63154</p><p>FAMILY CHEIRIDIIDAE SUBFAMILY CHEIRIDIINAE Gen? sp. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Descartes Island, 14°09'50"S, 125°40'47"E, 30 August 2002, M.S. Harvey, R.J. Teale, near freshwater seep, under rocks MCZ DNA103126 / WAM T65474</p><p>FAMILY GARYPINIDAE Protogarypinus giganteus Beier, 1954 AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Walpole-Nornalup National Park, The Tingle Tree, 34°58'58"S, 116°47'09"E, 12 February 2002, M.S. Harvey, M.E. Blosfelds, F. Harvey, E. Harvey, under bark of Eucalyptus diversicolor MCZ DNA103127 / WAM T65459</p><p>Pseudogarypinus cooperi Muchmore, 1980 U.S.A.: California: Riverside County: James Reserve, Lake Fulmor, 33°48'33"N, 116°46'30"W, 29 June 2002, M.S. Harvey, under rocks MCZ DNA103128 / WAM T63230, WAM T63231</p><p>FAMILY OLPIIDAE SUBFAMILY OLPIINAE Beierolpium bornemisszai (Beier, 1966) AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Gleneagle State Forest, 32°16'21"S, 116°09'53"E, 6 August 2005, M.S. Harvey, forest litter, jarrah/marri woodland MCZ DNA103129 / WAM T68984</p><p>Calocheiridius termitophilus (Tullgren, 1907) EQUATORIAL GUINEA: Bata District: near Río Utonde, Bata, 01°52'51"N, 009°49'55"E, 21 m, 28 July 2003, G. Giribet, C. Prieto, secondary forest MCZ DNA103130 / WAM T65482</p><p>Euryolpium sp. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Bonaparte Archipelago, Steep Head Island, 14°26'48"S, 125°59'40"E, 6 September 2002, M.S. Harvey, R.J. Teale, vine thicket, under rocks MCZ DNA103131 / WAM T65479</p><p>Pachyolpium sp. TRINIDAD & TOBAGO: Mt St Benedict, 10°39’N, 61°24’W, 27 June 1999, J. Shultz MCZ DNA103132 / WAM T68990</p><p>Xenolpium sp. NEW ZEALAND: North Island: bridge on Cape River Road, Wairorapa, Opouawe River, 41°28'06"S, 175°26'55"E, 103 m, 30 June 2004, S. Boyer, G. Giribet MCZ DNA103133 / WAM T67138</p><p>SUBFAMILY HESPEROLPIINAE Apolpium parvum Hoff, 1945 TRINIDAD & TOBAGO: Mt St Benedict, 10°39’N, 61°24’W, 27 June 1999, J. Shultz MCZ DNA103134 / WAM T68991</p><p>Nanolpium sp. ZAMBIA: Kafue National Park, Chibila Camp, 15°46'38"S, 26°00'24"E, 6 December 2006, C. Haddad, beating shrubs MCZ DNA103135 / WAM T67097, T67098</p><p>Progarypus sp. CHILE: Concepción: Cerro Caracol, 19 October 2002, 15 October 2003, 30 October 2002, T. Cekalovic MCZ DNA103136 / WAM T65464, WAM T65465, WAM T65466</p><p>FAMILY STERNOPHORIDAE Afrosternophorus sp. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Broome, 1.7 km E. of Gantheume Point, 17°35'16"S, 122°10'04"E, 14 December 2004, M.S. Harvey, under bark of rainforest tree MCZ DNA103137 / WAM T68625</p><p>Garyops depressus Banks, 1909 U.S.A.: Florida: Big Cypress Swamp, 16 January 2001, J. Shultz MCZ DNA103138 / WAM T68989</p><p>FAMILY ATEMNIDAE SUBFAMILY ATEMNINAE Cyclatemnus sp. ZAMBIA: Wildlives Game Farm, 16°58'58"S, 26°38'06"E, 3 December 2006, C. Haddad, sifting leaf litter MCZ DNA103139 / WAM T67093, T67094</p><p>Oratemnus curtus (Beier, 1954) AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: South Perth, 31°58'S, 115°52'E, 12 April 2001, E.S., Volschenk, M. Anstey, under bark of Melaleuca sp. MCZ DNA103140 / WAM T65458</p><p>Stenatemnus sp. INDONESIA: North Sulawesi: Gunung Mahawu, Rurukan, Tomohon, 01º20’44”N, 124º52’15”E, 1203 m, R. Clouse, G. Giribet & C. Rahmadi MCZ DNA103141 / WAM T67103</p><p>Titanatemnus sp. SOUTH AFRICA: KwaZulu-Natal: Ndumo Game Reserve, Banzi Pan, SW shore, 26°53'07"S, 32°16'57"E, 12 January 2007, C. Haddad, bark of Acacia xanthophloea MCZ DNA103142 / WAM T67095, T67096</p><p>SUBFAMILY MIRATEMNINAE Caecatemnus sp. COLOMBIA: Depto de Amazonas: track to Calderón, off km 22 N of Leticia, 04º02’41”S, 069º59’23”W, 87 m,, 6 November 2004, L.R. Benavides, G. Giribet, R. Mesa MCZ DNA103144 / WAM T67140</p><p>Miratemnus sp. BOTSWANA: Lesideng Research Camp, 18°25'46"S, 21°53'46"E, 12 December 2006, C. Haddad, leaf litter MCZ DNA103143 / WAM T67136</p><p>FAMILY CHELIFERIDAE SUBFAMILY CHELIFERINAE Nannochelifer sp. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Eagle Bluff, 26°05'42"S, 113°34'57"E, 0 m, 12 January 2007, M.S. Harvey, M.E. Blosfelds, under rocks amongst seagrass litter, littoral zone MCZ DNA103145 / WAM T79105</p><p>Protochelifer victorianus Beier, 1966 AUSTRALIA: Victoria: Separation Creek, 38°38'S, 143°54'E, 9 January 2003, M.S. Harvey, under bark of Eucalyptus sp. MCZ DNA103146 / WAM T65467</p><p>FAMILY PHILOMAORIINAE Philomaoria sp. NEW ZEALAND: South Island: Punakaiki, Bullock Creek, 42°06'07"S, 117°22'02'E, 27 April 2005, K. Affeld, moss/orchid mat MCZ DNA103147 / WAM T68997</p><p>FAMILY CHERNETIDAE SUBFAMILY CHERNETINAE Apatochernes sp. NEW ZEALAND: North Island: Mangaore Road, Shannon, 40º34’49”S, 175º29’20”E,, 6 July 2004, S.L. Boyer, G. Giribet MCZ DNA103148 / WAM T67139</p><p>Haplochernes sp. AUSTRALIA: Victoria: Little Desert National Park, Horseshoe Bend, 36°29'54"S, 142°01'06"E, 17 January 2003, M.S. Harvey, M.E. Blosfelds, under bark of Eucalyptus camaldulensis MCZ DNA103149 / WAM T65469</p><p>Incachernes sp. COLOMBIA: Departamento de Santander, Municipio de Curiti, Vereda San Francisco, La Cuevana cave MCZ DNA103157</p><p>Lustrochernes sp. COLOMBIA: Departamento de Santander, Municipio Valle de San José, Rascadero Cave MCZ DNA103156</p><p>Marachernes bellus Harvey, 1992 AUSTRALIA: Victoria: Separation Creek,, 38°38'S, 143°54'E, 9 January 2003, M.S. Harvey, under bark of Eucalyptus sp. MCZ DNA103150 / WAM T63155</p><p>Nesidiochernes sp. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Stokes National Park, 33°49'51"S, 121°08'31"E, 12-16 January 2004, M.S. Harvey, M.E. Blosfelds, F. Harvey, E. Harvey, under limestone rocks MCZ DNA103151 / WAM T65461</p><p>Neochelanops sp. CHILE: Magallanes y Antártica Chilena: Isla Riesco, Estancia Don Pancho, 13 December 2006, T. Cekalovic MCZ DNA103152 / WAM T67135</p><p>Nesochernes sp. NEW CALEDONIA: Monts Koghis, toward Mont Bouo, 22°10'37.1"S, 166°30'38.3"E, 484 m, 16 April 2007, J. Murienne, P. Sharma MCZ DNA103153 / WAM T67145 Parazaona? sp. COLOMBIA: Depto de Nariño: Reserva Natural Río Ñambí, 01°17'06"N, 078°04'25"E, 1448 m, 10 November 2004, L.R. Benavides, L. Cabrera, G. Castillo, C. Flórez, G. Giribet, M. Romo, V. Solarte MCZ DNA103154 / WAM T65480</p><p>Pseudopilanus kuscheli Beier, 1964 CHILE: Concepción: Concepción, 27 March 2007, T. Cekalovic MCZ DNA103155 / WAM T68993</p><p>SUBFAMILY GONIOCHERNETINAE Calymmachernes angulatus Beier, 1954 AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: ca. 7 km N. of Walpole, Tinglewood Cabins, North Road, 34°54'47"S, 116°43'46"E, 13-16 February 2002, M.S. Harvey, M.E. Blosfelds, F. Harvey, E. Harvey, under bark of Eucalyptus diversicolor MCZ DNA103158 / WAM T65468</p><p>Conicochernes crassus Beier, 1954 AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Denmark, Berridge Park, on bank of Denmark River, 34°57'36”S, 117°21'25”E, 17 January 2006, M.S. Harvey, M.E. Blosfelds, F. Harvey, E. Harvey, under bark of Eucalyptus diversicolor MCZ DNA103159 / WAM T70780</p><p>FAMILY WITHIIDAE SUBFAMILY WITHIINAE Withius sp. 1 ZAMBIA: Wildlives Game Farm, 16°58'58"S, 26°38'06"E, 3 December 2006, C. Haddad, sifting leaf litter MCZ DNA103160 / WAM T67085-67092</p><p>Withius sp. 2 ZAMBIA: Wildlives Game Farm, 16°58'58"S, 26°38'06"E, 3 December 2006, C. Haddad, sifting leaf litter MCZ DNA103161 / WAM T67084</p>