<p>Little Things</p><p>Used to do vs. used to doing (Gerund vs. Inf.)</p><p>If someone keeps doing something, you use the form: to be used to + gerund: He is used to smoking. (Er ist ans Rauchen gewöhnt. = Er raucht immer noch.) I am used to waking up early in the morning. It doesn’t bother me. If someone has stopped doing something, but did it in the past, you use the form: used to + infinitive: He used to smoke. (Er war ans Rauchen gewöhnt. = Er hat mit dem Rauchen aufgehört.) We used to live there when I was a child. I used to hate vegetables, but now I love them. Tag phrases/questions, esp. with unusual expressions: we had better..., hadn’t we</p><p>A tag question is a short question added to the end of a positive or negative statement. You are a good singer, aren’t you?</p><p>Had better: to refer to the present or the future, to talk about actions we think people should do or which are desirable in a specific situation. </p><p>The verb form is always had, not have. We normally shorten it to ’d better in informal situations. It is followed by the infinitive without to: It’s five o’clock. I’d better go now before the traffic gets too bad. Not: I’d better to go now.</p><p>Had better is a strong expression. We use it if we think there will be negative results if someone does not do what is desired or suggested: She’d better get here soon or she’ll miss the opening ceremony.</p><p>The negative of had better is had better not (or ’d better not): I’d better not leave my bag there. Someone might steal it. You’d better not tell Elizabeth about the broken glass – she’ll go crazy!</p><p>(a) little, (a) few, much, many, used preferably in a NEGATIVE statement or a QUESTION a lot (of), lots (of) used in POSTITIVE statements plenty (of), so vs. such, hardly </p><p>(a) little: for uncountable nouns (milk, money, time, water etc.) He has a little money left / He has only little money left</p><p>(a) few: countable nouns (glasses of milk, dollars, hours, bottles of water etc.) He has a few dollars left. There were quite a few people there / There were only few people there much: uncountable nouns singular (- / ?) How much money do you have? – I don't have much left many: countable nouns plural (- / ?) How many dollars do you have? – I don't have many left a lot (of) and lots (of): they both mean a large amount or number of people or things. They are both used before countable nouns and uncountable nouns: with countable nouns: A lot of people went to the game. Lots of people went to the game. with uncountable nouns: A lot of snow falls in winter. Lots of snow falls in winter. a lot: means very often or very much. It is used as an adverb. It often comes at the end of a sentence and never before a noun. I like basketball a lot. She's a lot happier now than she was. I don't go there a lot anymore. plenty (of): plenty means sth. is ‘(more than) enough’ plenty of is used countable and uncountable nouns and means a lot / more than enough Is that enough? -That’s plenty. Thanks. Plenty of people dropped out of school early and have still been very successful in their careers.</p><p>Such: is a determiner (--->noun); so is an adverb. They have the same meaning of ‘very’ or ‘to this degree’: Those are such good chocolates. Those chocolates are so good.</p><p>We use such + noun phrase and so + adjective or adverb phrase: She is such a great cook. Not: She is so great cook.</p><p>So: expresses consequences, purposes, additions, degrees, agreements, can be used in front of much, many, little, few to add emphasis (=Betonung): It was raining, so we stayed at home. So you understand me, I will be as clear as possible. I once lived in Bombay, so did my boss. This ice-cream is so good. "Do we have enough money?" - "I think so" So much food was wasted every day.</p><p>Hardly has a negative meaning. It normally means ‘almost not at all’ or ‘only just’. We can use it in mid position, or before an adjective or a noun: He wore a big hat that covered his head and you could hardly see his face. (you could only see a small part of his face) this vs. these, that vs. those, the </p><p>We use this (singular) and these (plural):</p><p>To talk about people or things near us / things that we want to make interesting: This is a nice cup of tea. Whose shoes are these? You know, there’s this new game on the market, ...</p><p>To introduce people: This is Janet. These are my friends, John and Michael. We don’t say These are John and Michael. We say This is John and this is Michael.</p><p>To introduce ourselves at the beginning in a conversation on the phone: Hello, this is David, Can I speak to Sally? To suggest that people or things are near us: We have lived in this house for twenty years. Have you read all of these books?</p><p>We use that (singular) and those (plural):</p><p>To talk about things that are not near us, or that we reject: What’s that? This is our house, and that’s Rebecca’s house over there. Those are very expensive shoes. All that (negative!) hype about this new gadget…</p><p>We also use that to refer back to something someone said or did: Shall we go to the cinema? Yes, that’s a good idea. I’ve got a new job. – That’s great! I’m very tired. – Why is that?</p><p>To suggest that people or things that are not near us: Who lives in that house? Who are those people</p><p>We use the: </p><p>With a specific noun (it is clear from context WHICH one me mean): The teacher (a specific teacher, everybody know which one)</p><p>When the speaker and listener have already discussed this noun (or they have shared knowledge): I bought the bike today!” (Speaker and listener previously discussed that bike)</p><p>Prepositions: on, at, in, for, to</p><p>On Used to express a surface of something (horizontal or vertical!): I put an egg on the kitchen table. The paper is on my desk. There are hundreds of flies on the ceiling / on the wall / on the floor.</p><p>Used to specify days and dates: The garbage truck comes on Wednesdays. I was born on the 14(th) of June in 1988. ---: SAY these words, DON’T write them.</p><p>Used to indicate a device or machine, such as a phone or computer: He is on the phone right now. She has been on the computer since this morning. My favorite movie will be on TV tonight.</p><p>Used to indicate a part of the body: The stick hit me on my shoulder. He kissed me on my cheek. I wear a ring on my finger.</p><p>Used to indicate the state of something: Everything in this store is on sale. The building is on fire. / “This girl is on fire” (song lyrics)</p><p>At Used to point out specific time: I will meet you at 12 p.m. The bus will stop here at 5:45 p.m.</p><p>Used to indicate a place: There is a party at the club house. There were hundreds of people at the park. We saw a baseball game at the stadium.</p><p>Used to indicate an email address: Please email me at [email protected].</p><p>Used to indicate an activity: He laughed at my acting. I am good at drawing a portrait.</p><p>In Used for unspecific times during a day, month, season, year: She always reads newspapers in the morning. In (the) summer, we have a rainy season for three weeks. The new semester will start in March.</p><p>Used to indicate a location or place: She looked me directly in the eyes. I am currently staying in a hotel. My hometown is Los Angeles, which is in California.</p><p>Used to indicate a shape, color, or size: This painting is mostly in blue. The students stood in a circle. This jacket comes in four different sizes.</p><p>Used to express while doing something: In preparing for the final report, we revised the tone [aggressive / consiliatory…] three times. A catch phrase needs to be impressive in marketing a product.</p><p>Used to indicate a belief, opinion, interest, or feeling: I believe in the next life. We are not interested in gambling.</p><p>To Used to indicate the place, person, or thing that someone or something moves toward, or the direction of something: I am heading to the entrance of the building. The package was mailed to Mr. Kim yesterday. All of us went to the movie theater. Please send it back to me.</p><p>Used to indicate a limit or an ending point: The snow was piled up to the roof. The stock prices rose up to 100 dollars.</p><p>Used to indicate relationship: This letter is very important to your admission. My answer to your question is in this envelop. Do not respond to every little thing in your life.</p><p>Used to indicate a time or a period: I work nine to six, Monday to Friday. It is now 10 to five. (In other words, it is 4:50.)</p><p>Used as a preposition in some expressions: I am looking forward to seeing you. I am used to cooking every day.</p><p>For Used to indicate the use of something: This place is for exhibitions and shows. I baked a cake for your birthday. I put a note on the door for privacy. She has been studying hard for the final exam.</p><p>Used to mean because of: I am so happy for you. We feel deeply sorry for your loss. For this reason, I’ve decided to quit this job.</p><p>Used to indicate time or duration: He’s been famous for many decades. I attended the university for one year only. This is all I have for today.</p>
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