<p> Weather and Climate: Ch.2 “Weather Factors”</p><p>Energy From the Sun • ______– waves that transfer electric and magnetic energy through the ______of space. – Most of the energy from the sun travels to Earth in the form of ______and ______radiation. A small amount arrives as ultraviolet radiation. – ______– the direct transfer of energy by ______waves. • ______– includes all of the colors of the rainbow. Each of which has it’s own ______(λ). – ______= longest λ; ______= shortest λ • ______– electromagnetic waves with wavelengths that are ______than visible light but ______than microwaves. – Felt as “______” • ______– Electromagnetic waves with wavelengths that are ______than visible light but ______than x-rays. – Can cause ______and skin/eye ______</p><p>Energy in the Atmosphere • Some sunlight is absorbed or reflected by the ______. The rest passes through to the ______. • ______layer of the atmosphere absorbs most ______radiation • Water vapor and CO2 absorb some ______(heat) • ______– reflection of light in all directions. – Occurs mostly by ______– Gas ______shorter λ (blue) more than longer λ (red) • Reason the sky looks ______and sunsets/sunrises look ______(you are looking through a greater thickness of gases) Energy at Earth’s Surface • When Earth’s surface is heated, it ______most of the energy back into the atmosphere as ______radiation. • Much of this energy is held by the atmosphere, ______it. • ______– the process by which heat is trapped in the atmosphere by gases that form a “______” around Earth. • natural process that keeps Earth’s atmosphere at a temperature that is ______for most ______things</p><p>Thermal Energy and Temperature • Remember….all matter is made of ______. – Atoms combine to form ______– Molecules move around, but how much they ______depends on how much ______they have. – The average amount of ______of each particle of a substance is it’s ______. • ______– a measure of how hot or cold an object is compared to a ______point. • ______– the total energy of motion in the particles of a substance. • Temperature is a major factor effecting ______. • ______– an instrument used to measure temperature. – Glass tube containing ______or colored ______– Liquids ______when heated and condense when cooled – Measured in “______” on two scales • ______– (0° freezing, 100°boiling) • ______– (32° freezing, 212° boiling)</p><p>How Heat Is Transferred • ______- the transfer of thermal energy from a ______object to a ______one. • Heat is transferred in ______ways: radiation, conduction, and convection. • ______- the direct transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves • Ex. ______• ______– the direct transfer of thermal energy from one substance to another that it is ______. • Ex. ______• ______– the transfer of thermal energy by the movement of a ______. • Ex. ______• ______– the circulation of a fluid as it alternately heats up and cools down. • Controls much of the weather in the ______• Ground ______air molecules. • They ______and rise. • After they move away from the heat source, they ______, condense, and ______.</p><p>What Is Wind? • ______– the horizontal movement of air from an area of ______pressure to an area of ______pressure – Caused by ______in air pressure which is caused by ______heating of the atmosphere – Warm air is ______dense and ______– Cool air is ______dense and ______• Winds are described by their direction and ______. – The direction tells you which way the wind is coming ______• Ex. South wind blows from the ______– A wind vain ______the wind, showing the direction the wind is coming from • ______– an instrument used to measure wind ______. – has three or four cups mounted at the ends of spokes that ______on an axle – Force of wind turns the ______and a meter measures wind speed. • Wind blowing over the body feels cool/cold because it is removing ______. • ______– measure of cooling combining temperature and wind speed. – Weather reports may state: “The temperature outside is ______degrees Fahrenheit. But with a wind speed of ______per hour, the wind-chill factor makes it feel like ______above zero.”</p><p>Local Winds • ______– winds that blow over ______distances. – Caused by the ______heating of Earth’s surface within a ______area • ______– the flow of ______air from over an ocean or lake ______land. – Caused by land heating ______than water • ______– the flow of air from land to a body of water. – Caused at night by land ______than water</p><p>Global Winds • ______– winds that blow steadily from specific directions over ______distances. – Caused by ______heating over a large area – Due to sun’s rays striking the ______more ______than the poles • Temperature differences between the equator and the poles produce giant ______currents in the atmosphere. – Air pressure tends to be ______at the equator due to ______temperatures and ______at the poles due to ______temperatures. – ______winds tend to blow from the ______to the equator – High ______winds tend to blow from the ______to the poles…creating global winds. • ______– the change that Earth’s rotation causes in the motion of objects that explains how winds ______. – Winds in the ______Hemisphere curve toward the ______. – Winds in the ______Hemisphere curve toward the ______.</p><p>Global Wind Belts • A series of wind ______circles Earth. Between the wind belts are ______areas where air is rising or falling. • Calm areas consist of: • ______• ______Latitudes • Wind belts consist of: • ______winds • Polar ______• Prevailing ______• ______– regions near the equator with ______or no wind • Due to ______pressure, more ______movement than horizontal movement • ______– occur at about ______° north and south latitudes, the air ______moving toward the poles and ______creating a belt of calm air. • Name comes from ______who became stuck in these areas and had to throw their ______overboard due to lack of food and water. • ______– occur between the ______and ______° North latitude and ______° South latitude. • Due to the Coriolis effect, winds from the equator to 30°______latitude tend to blow from the ______• Winds from the equator to 30° ______latitude tend to blow from the ______• ______– occur in the ______(30°-60°north and south) where winds blow from ______to ______• Also caused by the ______effect • Generally blow from the ______in the northern latitudes • Play a big role in the weather ______of the United States. • ______– start at ______°north and south and move from ______to ______. • The polar easterlies meet the prevailing westerlies around ______° latitude and create the ______which plays a major role in our weather. • ______- high-speed bands of winds occurring at the top of the ______. • generally blow from ______at speeds of 200 to 400 kilometers per hour and travel a wavy path Water in the Atmosphere • ______– the continual movement of water among Earth’s ______, oceans, and ______surface through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. • ______– the process by which water molecules in liquid water escape into the air as ______. – As air ______water vapor condense into ______– If the water droplets in clouds become ______enough they fall as ______(ex Rain)</p><p>Humidity • ______– the amount of water vapor in a given ______of air. • ______– the percentage of water vapor in the air compared to the ______amount of water vapor that air can contain at a particular temperature. – Relative humidity can be measured with an instrument called a ______. • Uses a ______-bulb and a ______-bulb thermometer that is “______” around. If the wet-bulb reads ______than the dry-bulb, it is evaporating faster indicating lower humidity</p><p>How Clouds Form • Clouds form when warm, moist air rises and cools. Water vapor ______on tiny particles to form liquid water or ice crystals. • ______– the process by which molecules of water vapor in the air become ______water. • Condensation is affected by ______of the air and presence of ______in the air • The warmer air is, the ______water vapor it can hold. As the air ______water vapor condenses into liquid water. • ______- the temperature at which condensation begins. • Will form water ______or ice crystals depending on ______• Water vapor in the air will condense on ______surfaces. • Clouds form because tiny liquid droplets condense on particles of ______crystals, ______, and ______in the air. • If condensation forms on earth’s ______it is called ______. • If it is forms ______crystals it is called ______.</p><p>Types of Clouds • Scientists classify clouds into three main types based on their ______: cirrus, cumulus, and stratus. • Clouds are further classified by their ______. • ______– wispy, ______clouds made of ice crystals that form at ______levels. • form only at ______levels, above about _____ kilometers, where temperatures are very low • have feathery “______” ends are sometimes called ______tails • ______– look like rows of ______• indicate that a ______is on its way • ______– fluffy, white clouds, usually with flat bottoms, that look like rounded piles of cotton. • form less than ______km above the ground, but can grow in height to reach ______km high • Short cumulus clouds indicate ______weather • ______– extend high in the atmosphere and have ______bottoms • Produce ______• ______– clouds that form in flat layers and often cover much of the sky. • Typically a dull ______color • ______– stratus clouds that thicken to produce ______, rain, or snow • “______” – means high • ______and ______– are “______” clouds (2-6km) • are ______than regular cumulus and stratus clouds, but ______than cirrus and other “high” clouds. • ______– clouds that form at or near the ground • Often forms when the ground ______at night after a ______, humid day • Heat of the morning sun “______” the fog off as its water droplets evaporate • More common in areas near bodies of ______or low-lying ______areas. • Can also form in ______as warm moist air moves up a ______</p><p>Precipitation • ______– any form of ______that falls from clouds and reaches Earth’s surface. – cloud droplets or ice crystals must grow ______enough to fall through the air – droplets grow is by colliding and ______with other droplets • Droplets come in many ______. • A raindrop has about ______times as much water in it as a cloud droplet.</p><p>Types of Precipitation • Common types of precipitation include rain, sleet, freezing rain, snow, and hail. • ______– drops of water are called rain if they are at least ______in diameter – Most ______type of precipitation • ______– raindrops fall through a layer of air that is below 0°C causing the droplets to ______into ice particles – Smaller than ______• ______– falls as rain, but freezes on cold surfaces – Can make ______and walkways ______– Can bring down branches and ______• ______– water vapor in a cloud is converted directly into ice crystals called ______– have an endless number of different shapes and ______, all with ______sides or branches • ______- round pellets of ice larger than _____ millimeters in diameter are called ______– start as small ______of ice in cumulonimbus clouds. – grow larger as they are repeatedly ______up and down until they become so ______they fall to the ground. • ______– Long periods of ______precipitation. – Caused ______hardship for centuries – Scientists looking into perfecting the process of “______” in order to produce rain during droughts</p><p>Measuring Precipitation • Scientists measure precipitation with various instruments, including: – ______– measuring ______. • Snowfall measurements – On average, ______of snow contains about the same amount of water as ______of rain – Light ______snow contains ______water than heavy wet snow</p>