<p> Europe in the Middle Ages The Crusades 5.3</p><p>I. Causes of the Crusades</p><p>Span: Lasted 200 years</p><p>What? Four wars to capture Palestine (map) – Four Crusades</p><p>Who? Crusaders (knights to peasants) battled against the Seljuk Turks</p><p>A. The Rise of the Turks</p><p>The Seljuks (Turkish ethnic groups) </p><p>From: Central Asia</p><p>To: Southwest Asia (became Muslin)</p><p>By 1071 invaded and captured most of Byzantine Empire, including Jerusalem</p><p>Byzantine Emperor asked Pope Urban II for help to fight</p><p>B. Attacks on Pilgrims</p><p>Pilgrims – Christians traveling to Jerusalem (a sacred land) </p><p>Turks turned pilgrims away, attacked, and murdered</p><p>This gave the pope the reason to “call Christians to action” and attack</p><p>C. Land, Trade, and Wealth</p><p>Alternative reasons – </p><p>•Europeans wanted control of the key trade routes •The church had its eye on the Byzantine Empire </p><p>II. A Series of Crusades</p><p>A. Peter the Hermit and the People’s Crusade</p><p>Before the first crusade – </p><p>•Peter gathered an army of common people</p><p>Peter had no experience in organizing a large group = </p><p>•Scarce food</p><p>•looted towns</p><p>•Local groups fought back – killed many of Peter’s men</p><p>•Taken prisoner</p><p>Byzantine Emperor told peter to wait for help from the army, he agreed, but his army rebelled. They fought Turks and were easily defeated.</p><p>The Knights arrive – The First Crusade</p><p>•Treated the Byzantines badly – looted and killed</p><p>•Killed 10,000 Muslims by the time they captured Jerusalem in 1099 </p><p>B. Later Crusades</p><p>•Christians set-up four kingdoms in Palestine</p><p>•Muslims made repeated attacks = three more crusades</p><p>Saladin •Strong Muslim leader</p><p>•By 1187 Sadalin had retaken Jerusalem</p><p>•Refused to relinquish the holy city, but agreed to reopen the city to Christian pilgrims</p><p>III. Results of the Crusades</p><p>•Made money more common</p><p>•Previously, exchanged land for services</p><p>•Crusading nobles that needed money sold their land = weakened feudalism </p><p>•During the Crusades, Ships carried armies and supplies across the Mediterranean. They came back with rugs, jewelry, glass, and spices. = helped trade grow</p>