<p> NAME______• Congress and the President were not working Chapter 17 Reconstruction and the New South (1865- together 1896) Section 2 Radicals in Control • Radical Republicans abandoned the idea of compromise and drafted their own Reconstruction plan African Americans’ Rights • Some whites tried to terrorize African The 14 th Amendment Americans (Burning churches and homes) • Fearing the Civil Rights Act might be • Many events happened like this and convinced overturned in court, Congress passed the 14th Radical Republicans that President Johnson’s Amendment in 1866 (enacted in 1868) Reconstruction plan was not strong enough • Granted full citizenship to all born in the United • Fall 1865- Southern states created new States governments based on Johnson’s plan • Most African Americans became full citizens • Also elected new representatives to Congress • Gave all rights to African Americans • When the representatives arrived in • Life, liberty, and property Washington, D.C., Congress refused to seat them • Every citizen was entitled to “equal protection of the laws” Black Codes • Early 1866- Southern states passes black codes 14 th Amendment Continued • Laws to control freed men and women • If a state prevented any adult male citizen from • Allowed plantation owners to exploit African voting, then it could lose representation in Congress American workers • The amendment also barred former Confederate leaders from holding office (unless pardoned by • Also allowed officials to arrest and fine jobless Congress) African Americans • The 14th Amendment excluded Native • Banned African Americans from owning or Americans renting farms • Southern states had to ratify the amendment to • To many, the black codes resembled slavery rejoin the Union • Of the 11 Southern states, only Tennessee Freedmen’s Bureau ratified it • Early 1866- Congress passed a bill giving the • It did not take effect until 1868 Freedmen’s Bureau new powers • The Bureau could set up courts and try people Republican Victory charged with violating the rights of African Americans • Congressional elections of 1866 • African Americans could serve on juries in these courts • President Johnson campaigned against Radical • Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866- Republicans Granted full citizenship to African Americans • Many Northerners objected to the nasty tone of • The federal government could also intervene in Johnson’s campaign state affairs to protect their rights • Also feared clashes between whites and African • Also overturned the black codes Americans • Also contradicted the 1857 Dred Scott decision • The Republicans won a solid victory, and took The Two Bills Reconstruction into their own hands • Johnson vetoed both • Johnson argued that both the Freedmen’s Reconstruction Acts of 1867 Bureau bill and the Civil Rights Act were • Johnson had no power (overrides) unconstitutional • Congress passed the First Reconstruction Act • Because they were approved by a Congress that and the Second Reconstruction Act did not include representatives from all the states • The 10 Southern states that didn’t ratify the 14th • Republicans in Congress had enough votes to Amendment had new governments created override both vetoes and the bills became law • The 10 states were divided into 5 military districts , each run by a military commander • African American men were guaranteed the • 1868- the case went to the Senate for a trial that right to vote lasted almost 3 months • Also banned former Confederate leaders from • Both sides made their arguments holding public office • The senators failed to achieve the 2/3rd majority • To rejoin the Union, the states had to ratify the required for conviction (1 vote) 14th Amendment and submit new state constitutions to Congress for approval • As a result, Johnson stayed in office until the • Military commanders prepared state end of 1869 constitutional conventions Election of 1868 Readmitting the States • The Republicans nominated Ulysses S. Grant, • Many white Southerners refused to vote the Civil War hero • 1000s of newly registered African American • The Democrats chose Horatio Seymour voters voted • Grant won most of the African American votes • Republicans gained control of Southern state in the South and won the presidency governments • This election showed that voters supported the • By 1868- 7 states were readmitted (Alabama, Republican approach to Reconstruction Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, and South Carolina) 15 th Amendment • By 1870- Mississippi, Virginia, and Texas were • 1869- Congress passed the 15th Amendment restored to the Union • Prohibited state and federal governments from denying the right to vote to any male citizen President Johnson • Because of “race, color, or previous condition of • Johnson opposed Radical Reconstruction servitude” • Johnson used his power of commander in chief • African American men won the right to vote in of the army to direct the military governors 1870 • Congress passed laws to limit the presidents • Republicans believed the power of the vote power, such as the Tenure of Office Act would enable African Americans to protect themselves • This Act prohibited the president from removing • This belief was too optimistic government officials, including members of his own cabinet, without the Senate’s approval Essential Question • Conflict between Johnson and the Radicals grew What were the results of Radical Reconstruction? more intense -African Americans gained full citizenship with the rights due all citizens, although protecting these rights Johnson and the Radicals proved difficult • August 1867- Congress was not in session -African American men gained the right to vote • Johnson suspended Secretary of War Edwin -African American voters, combined with the refusal of Stanton without the Senate’s approval many white Southerners to vote, put Republicans in • Congress met again and refused to approve the control of Southern state governments suspension, Johnson removed Stanton from office -By 1870 all of the Southern states had met the • This violated the Tenure of Office Act requirements under Radical Reconstruction and were restored to the Union • Johnson also appointed people the Radical Republicans opposed to command some of the Southern military districts</p><p>Impeaching the President • Outraged by Johnson’s actions, the House of Representatives voted to impeach the president • Formally charge him of wrongdoings</p>