<p>BUNYALA DISTRICT CROPS, LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR MEDIUM AND HIGH RAINFALL AREAS OCTOBER 2011</p><p>Assessment Team: Stephen Andika Ministry of Fisheries Development Headquarters Simon Mwangangi Ministry of Livestock Development, Headquarters Dominic Kitaka Ministry of Agriculture, Headquarters DAO Bunyala Ministry of Agriculture DLPO Bunyala Ministry of Livestock DFO Bunyala Ministry of Fisheries Development TABLE OF CONTENTS</p><p>1.0 INTRODUCTION...... 1 1.1 District Background,...... 1 1.2 Food Security Trends...... 1 1.3 Factors affecting food security in the area of assessment...... 2 2.0 DISTRICT FOOD SECURITY SITUATION...... 2 2.1 Current Food Security Situation...... 2 2.2 Current Shocks and Hazards...... 2 3.0 IMPACT OF SHOCKS AND HAZARDS...... 4 3.1 CROP PRODUCTION...... 4 Introduction...... 4 Crop performance for major crops...... 5 Rain-fed crop Production...... 5 Current crop condition and stage of development...... 5 Post-harvest management...... 6 Food requirements...... 6 3.3 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION...... 6 3.3.1 Introduction...... 6 3.3.2 Forage and feed supplements...... 6 3.2.3 Livestock Productivity...... 7 3.2.4 Livestock marketing...... 8 3.3 FISHERIES...... 9 3.3.1 Back ground...... 9 3.3.2 Aquaculture...... 9 3.3.3 Capture Fisheries...... 10 3.3.4 Main methods of preservation of fish...... 11 3.3.5 Fish storage facilities...... 11 3.3.6 Fish prices...... 11 3.3.7 Fish Imports and exports...... 11 3.3.8 Challenges facing fish productions...... 12 3.4 MARKETS AND TRADE...... 12 3.4.1. Market operations...... 12 3.4 2. Market Supply and Traded Volumes...... 12 6.4. Market Prices...... 13 4.0 FOOD SECURITY PROGNOSIS...... 14 5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS AND INTERVENSIONS...... 14 1.0 INTRODUCTION</p><p>1.1 District Background,</p><p>Bunyala District was curved out of larger Busia in 2007. The District borders Samia to the North, Siaya to the East, Bondo to the South and Lake Victoria to the west.  Total staff strength by cadre(14) –  Total area- 185sq KM  Area under cultivation- 6500 HA  No. Of divisions -1  Irrigable land – 11200 HA  Locations -6  Area under irrigation -800 HA  Sub locations -18  Main Agro-ecological zones –LM3  Extension units- 18 and LM4  Population- 66,723  Annual precipitation and patterns-  Farm families- 8668 (750-1015mm which is bimodal).</p><p>Nb: Population data is based on 2009 censures report Rainfall in Bunyala is quiet erratic most of the time.</p><p>The key livelihoods in this district include  Agriculture – 70%-Mainly in the low land along the Nozia river basin as well as the upper areas.  Fishing- 25%-wthin the lake Victoria  Sand harvesting – 5%</p><p>1.2 Food Security Trends </p><p>For Most of the families in the region ,food has been available from the long rains of 2011 but it is expected that by December the stocks kept will have been exhausted. However the short rains looks promising and farmers will have a second season crop.</p><p>Jan – March the prices of food especially maize was very high and ranged from 130/= to 150 /= At this time the harvested stock during SR 2010 was dwindling at a very high rate and the farmers mainly relied on the root crops, Cassava and Sweet Potatoes that they branded as “OKOA” for food.</p><p>There were also no vegetables during this period as it was dry and it’s after the rains in April that the situation begun to change for better.</p><p>By mid June – July, the farmers started harvesting Beans and selling so as to afford basic food necessity</p><p>1 1.3 Factors affecting food security in the area of assessment  Dry spell at the onset of rains and in between the growing season  Pests and diseases  Low capital base for farmers  Low yields due to non use of fertilizers and certified seeds  High costs of production</p><p>2.0 DISTRICT FOOD SECURITY SITUATION </p><p>2.1 Current Food Security Situation Bunyala Central Loc and Khajula Loc are fairly food secure{80%} due to presence of NIB scheme, and Several out grower schemes for rice production, thus water available to the farmers from irrigation canals at a fee for small scale irrigation purposes. There is also a reclaimed land that was previously under water and as a result of farming in neighbouring Dominion farm, the waters are controlled and the farmers have managed to reclaim their land and are very fertile and moist facilitating production all year through. The area is nicknamed “MIGINGO” due to scrambling of land and is Bunyala FOOD BASKET Bunyala South Location- a huge part of it is still under water, {swamps} 60% but the food security situation is fair as the farmers specialize in planting crops like arrow roots for consumption in times of scarcity.</p><p>Bunyala East Location- The area is 50% food secure due to presence of 1 irrigation scheme, the only problem is in the raised areas where water is a problem and when it is dry 2010 LR yields were better than 2011 LR because the rainfall pattern was better than this year. Low acreage of land was opened up this year due to the dry spell at the time of opening up land.</p><p>2.2 Current Shocks and Hazards Rainfall performance in the district</p><p>Sisenye weather station 2011 2010 month Amount mm Rainy days Amount Days Jan 2.4 1 146.4 15 Feb 3.2 1 0 0 March 0 0 145.3 10 April 199.5 16 155.4 14 May 113 13 118.7 17 June 66.9 5 122.8 12 July 68 6 6.6 2</p><p>2 August 138.7 6 80.8 3 Sept 93.5 5 Oct 103.7 10 Nov 113.4 16 Dec 96.7 5 Total 1183.3 109</p><p>Rainfall distribution </p><p>250 m 200 m</p><p> l l</p><p> a 150 2011 Amount mm f n i 100 2010 Amount a</p><p>R 50</p><p>0</p><p>Month</p><p>NB 2011 LR season experienced less rainfall amount when compared to 2010 LR season and this is due to dry spell experienced. The amounts of rains received during the last long rains were insufficient thus resulting to decreased yields. The rainfall figures reflect the following dates 11th of previous month to the 10th day of tabulated month against which the total rainfall figure is given</p><p>Other shocks and hazards </p><p>Crop Major hazard eg drought, Major hazards during L.R in hailstones, floods etc during L.R 2010 2011 Hazard % affected crop Hazard % affected crop area area Maize Drought 35% Drought 15% Beans Drought 45% Drought 20% Sorghum Drought 20% Drought 10% Rice Blast 40%</p><p>3 3.0 IMPACT OF SHOCKS AND HAZARDS </p><p>3.1 CROP PRODUCTION </p><p>Introduction Crop production in the last year 2010 long rains season was better compared to 2011LR season due to the dry spell experienced this year.</p><p>The major crops and their contribution to food and income are indicated below</p><p>Crop used as source of food Current Normal Product used Current Normal source source as source of source source 1= local income Rank Crop Most commonly production Rank Prod used form: 2= imported uct 1= whole grain locally 2= Flour 3= imported 3= dried tuber/root outside 4= Fresh tuber/root Kenya 1 Maize 2 1 1 1 1,2 1,3 1 2 Sorghum 2 1 1 2 1,2 1 1 3 Beans 1 1 1 3 1 1 1</p><p>NB  Rice Is a major cash crop in Bunyala district but mainly centered around Bunyala Central Location and Rwambwa Sub location.Its mainly used as a source of income for the farmers  Currently, Bunyala has a total of 1,634 acres being used for rice production. This includes the total acreage of the main scheme and the expansion (out growers).  Main scheme has a total of 534 Acres  Out growers has a total of 1100 Acres  Number of farmers growing rice in Bunyala is 756 farmers. </p><p>Crop performance for major crops </p><p>Rain-fed crop Production </p><p>Crop Area planted Long Term Current year Long Term current year Average production Average (Ha) area planted (90 kg bags) production (Ha) 2010 Projected/actua (90 kg bags) l 2010</p><p>4 Maize 1800 1800 35000 46500 Sorghum 2000 1800 48000 36000 Beans 2000 1600 15000 20000 There was adequate rainfall in LR 2010 when compared to 2011 rainfall patterns</p><p>For sorghum, there was supply of orphan crop seed in 2011 that came in time before the planting season and improved yield for sorghum</p><p>Current crop condition and stage of development 2010 bean crop was affected by dry spell during the critical flowering stage affecting the production. The long rains maize crop was also affected and had been harvested but farmers are expecting the short rain crop. Production for the short season is expected to be good because rain has continued to support the crop well. the current short rain crop is tarsseling and doing well</p><p>Maize stocks </p><p>Maize stocks Quantities of maize held in Long Term Average the district (90-kg bags) quantities held in the district (90-kg bags) By Households 20000 Traders 5000 NCPB - Millers -</p><p> Maize consumption per month is approx 10,000 bags, so the current stocks will hopefully last till December and by that time the farmers will be harvesting the SR crop.  The available maize stock is being supplemented by the relief food being supplied in the district.</p><p>Post-harvest management </p><p> Most farmers are storing their produce in their houses in sacks and bins as they do not have stores. The sacks are made of polythene which is not suitable for storage of cereals. This is so because of the high cost and unavailability of sisal bags. This affects the quality of the produce because of poor moisture management. Loses are also experienced from rodends and weevils.  The rice farmers farming within the NIB farms store their rice at the Yard s within</p><p>5 Food requirements </p><p>Division No of HH Food Own production Surplus/ Remarks requirement ( bags/Metric deficit for next six tonnes months Budalangi 15245 60,000 20,000 - 40,000</p><p>Deficit met through purchase and relief food</p><p>3.3 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION </p><p>3.3.1 Introduction The major livestock types are: indigenous chicken(75,000) followed cattle zebu (13,500).The number of dairy animals are few (2900).</p><p>Briefly describe the major livestock species in order of the importance and their contribution to food and income in the district/county.</p><p>3.3.2 Forage and feed supplements. The forage condition was fair as compared to the normal. Forage is available for ruminants but the non ruminants are mostly depending on grains.  Describe the forage/feed condition compared to normal ( good, fair or poor)  What are the current available feeds for various categories of livestock? (Compare to normal)  Indicate approximate current acreage of fodder for livestock (Compare to normal) Indicate Trend of fodder development (ha) District Fodder type 2010 2009 2008 Bunyala Napier grass 25 15 15 Natural grass 9,500 10,000 14,000</p><p>The amount of feed concentrates held by stockist is very little mainly for poultry (layers).The duration available is throughout the year as the stockist keeps on restocking. The demand by livestock keepers for commercial feeds is very low. Forage for ruminants is available in traditionally flooded areas. The district has a lake victoria frontage and there are many residents who engage on fishing activities. The current cost of commercial feeds is high compared to normal Concentrates Feed Price Trends costs (Kshs)</p><p>6 Feed Type 2011 2010 2009 2008 Dairy Meal 1,500 1,500 1,250 1,250 Calf pellets Not available Not available Not available Not available Layers 1,550 1,550 1,400 1,400 Marsh Growers 1,500 1,500 1,300 1,300 march Chick Marsh 1,600 1,600 1,450 1,450 NB.The prices were collected from Agro-vet stockist at Port Victoria,Funyula and Busia</p><p>3.2.3 Livestock Productivity General body condition of livestock: Cattle-good Goats-good Sheep-good Poultry-good The birth rate is given as 60-80% and is said to be fair. The annual milk production of the district is 1.8 million. Most house holds use 0.4 litres per day. The price of milk is ksh 40 per litre. Milk in this district is not adequate. There are very few grade cattle and the milk production is by zebu cattle. </p><p>Milk Marketing Channels District Total Market Market inlet Price Kshs Remarks Production outlet per litre Bunyala 1,800,000 None Local 40 Milk is scarce in this district.</p><p>NB.Goat milk price is currently at ksh 60 per litre in this district. The livestock holding at household level is as follows: Zebu-1cow per household Local goats-1 goat per household. Sheep-0.3 per household Local poultry -7 per household. Livestock diseases and mortality rate The major livestock diseases affecting livestock Trypanosomiasis and Anaplasmosis Measures taken to control the situation Regular spraying using acaricides, use of anti trypanosomiasis drugs and bush clearing.</p><p>Current livestock mortalities There are no reported cases of unusual livestock death The district depends on Busia district for the supply of vaccines especially poultry vaccines.</p><p>7 3.2.4 Livestock marketing a. Prices of major livestock types and products DISTRICT Current farm Market price) Market price Reasons for differences gate price same period last or similarity year 25,000- 25,000-30,000 25,000-30,000 No variations. Cattle – dairy 30,000 13,000- 13,000-25,000 13,000-20,000 Few storks Cattle – meat 25,000 Goat – diary 12,000 12,000 12,000 Nil Goat – 2,000-3,500 2,000-3,500 1,500-2,000 There is an increase in local/meat demand and low supply. Sheep 1,800-2,800 1,800-2,800 1,500-2,500 Hen/cock 300-800 300-800 250-700 There is a high demand. Milk /per nil litre 40 40 40 Hides and 750 750 750 nil skin 100 100 100</p><p>3.2.6 The main challenges facing food security and livestock production. Prolonged dry spells Frequent floods Poor means of transport in some parts of the district. Unavailability of commercial feeds. Vector borne livestock diseases by ticks and tsetse flies Few feed stockist Lack of ICT facilities.</p><p>3.2.7 Stakeholders involved in livestock activities:  KENFAB :Covers the all district and is involved in dairy goat promotion and advocacy.  Baba Foundation: It is Bunyala north and west and is involved in dairy goat promotion,bee keeping and capacity building.  PATTEC:Covers district wide and involved in tsetse fly eradication.  KAPAP: It is involved in capacity building,funding of groups and also extension services and it covers Bunyala west,noth,east andcentral.  Njaa Marufuku Kenya(NMK): It covers the all district and finances crop and livestock projects.  Kenya Buisiness Dev.Services: It is involved in sponsoring young women in poultry production and covers Bunyala west,noth and south.  Aphiaphis:Gives orphans and P.L.W.As with local poultry and local goats.</p><p>8 3.3 FISHERIES</p><p>3.3.1 Back ground</p><p>Bunyala District covers both capture fisheries since it boarders lake Victoria and fish farming which was introduced in the district when the Fish Farming Enterprise and productivity programme started in 2009/2010 financial year. The district has two fish processing facilities at various stages of completion situated at Mulukoba and Marenga beaches respectively. Most of the fish landed here are exported out of the district to processing plants and major markets like Nairobi and Mombasa leaving the district net fish insecure district</p><p>3.3.2 Aquaculture Fish production Total no of fish Total of fish Pond size(area in Stocking Monthly fish harvesting in farmers ponds M2) Kg Sp No of Stocke Not Stocked Not No. of J F M A M J J A farmer d stocke stocke fingerlin s d d gs stocked in the last 6month Tilapi 300 277 23 83100 6900 100,000 1 4 6 1 6 1 - - a 9 1 5 6 3 6 6 8 3 5 7 5 7</p><p>Bunyala district has a total 300 farmers who participated in the Fish Farming Enterprise and productivity program. The district has 300 fish ponds covering an area of 90,000 sq meters of which 277 are stocked and 23 are not. The ponds have been stocked with 100,000 fingerling mostly Nile tilapia Production trends for the farmed fish are as follows</p><p> species Jan Feb. March April May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Tilapia Clarias</p><p>Availability of fish farming inputs Fingerlings Other fish inputs Specie Sources Unit price Input sources Unit price s % % Curren norma type % % Curren norma found source t l found source t l in the d in the d</p><p>9 distric from distric from t outsid t outsid e e the the district district Tilapia 100 3 3 Feed 50 50 40 - Clarias 40 60 10 5 manure 100 - - - Trout fertilize 80 20 80 - r Carp liners - 100 600 -</p><p>3.3.3 Capture Fisheries The main Sources of Fish in this district is Lake Victoria and River Nzioa .The district has 3500 fishers using 1251 boats .Main species caught in this district and their monthly production are as indicated here below Species Jan. Feb March April May June July August Clarias 200 475 342 124 150 221 112 92 Rastreonobo 196,88 235,85 234,79 230,10 215,88 266,21 260,48 563,57 la 5 7 2 1 3 7 3 2 Haplochrom 120 304 92 57N 800 250 310 465 is Nile Perch 41814 36570 52925 45312 50341 47346 50041 48320 Protopterus 24 15 22 11 9 13 18 15 Tilapia 81110 11910 14053 11851 18499 16383 10832 33189 niloticus 2 3 2 5 0 5</p><p>3.3.4 Main methods of preservation of fish The main methods used to preserve fish in the district are chilling, sun drying smoking and deep frying.</p><p>3.3.5 Fish storage facilities There are two cold storage facilities in the district situated at Marenga beach and Mulukoba beach respectively. These facilities are at various stages of completion with the main challenge being electricity installation. There are also various dry stores for dried omena</p><p>3.3.6 Fish prices Main Current Norma Current prices per Normal prices Reasons fish sources l Kg for Specie source Wholesal Retai Wholesal Retai difference</p><p>10 s rank s e l e l Tilapia Lake/pond Lake 200 220 180 200 Supply s demands Nile lake lake 220 280 180 230 perch Omena lake lake 100 140 70 100 Availabilit y</p><p>3.3.7 Fish Imports and exports  Estimated Amount of Fish Imported into the District; Exported Outside the District Fish species Estimated quantities Estimated Remarks of fish sourced from quantities of fish outside the district from the district per month sold outside per month Rastroenobola 2000 150,000 Data does not reflect smuggled fish since it does not come through legal points Tilapia - 40500 Data does not reflect smuggled fish since it does not come through legal points Nile perch - 72000 Data does not reflect smuggled fish since it does not come through legal points</p><p>3.3.8 Challenges facing fish productions  Cross border conflicts and insecurity in the lake  Overcapacity on the lake and illegal fishing  Source of fingerlings and feeds for fish farmers</p><p>3.4 MARKETS AND TRADE </p><p>3.4.1. Market operations There has not been any market disruptions reported in this district as most of the produce purchased in major markets is sourced from Uganda through informal importation. Major food crops like maize ,sorghum and cassava is delivered by boats during market days. Prices will come down probably in the next 2 month s due to anticipated harvest and might rise again after the food is depleted due to low production which might lead to more imports.</p><p>11 3.4 2. Market Supply and Traded Volumes </p><p>Market supply sources - for two staple foods,  Maize- Local market and from neighbouring country  Sorghum – Local market</p><p>Five key items households purchase. . a) Maize- ( Currently imported ) b) Cassava( Locally available and within normal) c) Sweet potatoes(Locally available and within normal) d) Beans( Not available but currently normal) e) Sorghum( Locally available with supply)</p><p>Trends of market supply. From July there is a drop in imports and the market is low as the produce harvested is used as food although it lasts for only 2 months to September and imports again goes up but drops in December to January Purchases are still within normal</p><p>3.4.3. Commodity Demand 70%</p><p>- This is within normal.  Prices will go down by December due to short rains harvest</p><p>6.4. Market Prices</p><p>Market prices for major commodities</p><p>Maize flour/per Kg Rice -75/=/kg Maize- 45/=/kg Sweet Potatoes – 50/=kg Beans - 55/=/kg Cassava 50/= Kg Millet- 35/=/kg Banana 650/= /kg Sorghum-35/=kg</p><p>Price levels are high compared to the last year with a difference of approx 10/= on average Prices will be the same and drop slightly due to anticipating harvest.</p><p>Price trends for maize-Price Ksh per Kg Jan Feb Marc April May June Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 2010 50 55 60 60 70 70 50 50 45 45 45 45 ksh/kg 2011 85 90 110 115 120 130 150 100 100 50 ksh/kg</p><p>12 Price comparison</p><p>160 140</p><p> g 120 K / 100 2010 h s</p><p>K 80 ksh/kg</p><p> e</p><p> c 60 2011 ksh/kg i r</p><p>P 40 20 0</p><p>Months</p><p>4.0 FOOD SECURITY PROGNOSIS In the month of December and January next year we expect the food situation to improve as a result of harvest for the short rains crops. However the yields expected will not be enough to run up to March next year. It is expected that they will be a shortage in February –May 2012.</p><p>Prices- The prices for important foods are expected to rise in the next 2 months Food stocks are expected to reduce Availability- Shortages are expected from Feb-June next year December- Food stocks to improve as farmers will be harvesting Jan-March – Shortage anticipated as a result of low yields expected for short rains</p><p>5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS AND INTERVENSIONS</p><p>(a) INTERVENSIONS</p><p>Relief food distribution</p><p>Type Quantity When received Maize 650 bags@90kg June-150 bags July-500 bags Beans 200 bags@50kg August Oil 100 cartons oil August</p><p>13 Non- food intervention  NMK grants for programmes to boost food security  Promotion Orphan Crop through multiplication of seeds  Expansion of area under irrigation  Multiplication of planting materials through NGO GAPP(Grassroots poverty alleviation Programme)(Grassroots poverty alleviation Programme)</p><p>Recommended Interventions Food interventions </p><p> Supply of relief food  Supply of relief seed  Establishment of cereal banks  Proper management of water for small scale irrigation use.</p><p>Non- food intervention s (food security related)  NMK  Orphan Crop  Expansion of area under irrigation  Multiplication of planting materials through NGO GAPP(Grassroots poverty alleviation Programme)(Grassroots poverty alleviation Programme)</p><p>Emergency interventions </p><p>Currently there is no need for emergency</p><p>Medium to long term interventions Intervention Objective Specific Activity Cos No. of Implementati Implementati Locatio target t benefic on Time on n iaries Frame stakeholders Expansion of Increase Bunyala Crop - 29170 3 years NIB,MOA irrigation area C productio cropped Bunyala n E Use of Increase District Trainings - 66723 1 year MOA fertilizer yields wide Excavation of Increase Bunyala Establish - 27758 1 year MOA water pans availability N ment of of water for Bunyala horticultur irrigation E al plots</p><p>14 On-going food security interventions Intervention Objectives Interventio Cost Area- No of Implementation Implementation n Targets beneficiaries time frame stakeholders Forage Avail 100 ha 100ha 100HH Planting season production forage napier Conserve Avail 20 tons of 100HH During the forage forage hay peak production Dairy cattle Increase Introduce 100HH up grading milk high prodution yielding animals</p><p>Conclusion: The overall food security status in Bunyala district is inadequate due to either long dry spells or insufficient rainfall. There are frequent floods due to frequent breakages of dykes.</p><p>(b) RECOMMENDATIONS</p><p>CROPS</p><p> Irrigation should be given priority in the district.  Construction of storage facilities to minimize losses and create price utility  Introduce and promote drought tolerant crops as well as early maturing crops  In times of anticipated food shortages the government should prepare to have it in place other than waiting to act when the problem has stuck</p><p>LIVESTOCK  Improvement of genetic potential of cattle for more milk production by use of A.I. or improved bulls.  Increase acreage of livestock feeds by planting more fodder crops.  Disease control especially control of tsetse, ticks and worm infestation to improve animal health. </p><p>15</p>