CONTEMPORARY AUSTRIAN STUDIES | VOLUME 24 Bischof, Karlhofer (Eds.), Williamson (Guest Ed.) • 1914: Aus tria-Hungary, the Origins, and the First Year of World War I War of World the Origins, and First Year tria-Hungary, Austrian Federalism in Comparative Perspective Günter Bischof AustrianFerdinand Federalism Karlhofer (Eds.) in Comparative Perspective Günter Bischof, Ferdinand Karlhofer (Eds.) UNO UNO PRESS innsbruck university press UNO PRESS innsbruck university press Austrian Federalism in ŽŵƉĂƌĂƟǀĞWĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ Günter Bischof, Ferdinand Karlhofer (Eds.) CONTEMPORARY AUSTRIAN STUDIES | VOLUME 24 UNO PRESS innsbruck university press Copyright © 2015 by University of New Orleans Press All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. 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Printed in the United States of America Book design by Allison Reu and Alex Dimeff Cover photo © Parlamentsdirektion Published in the United States by Published and distributed in Europe University of New Orleans Press by Innsbruck University Press ISBN: 9781608011124 ISBN: 9783902936691 UNO PRESS Publication of this volume has been made possible through generous grants from the the Federal Ministry for Europe, Integration, and Foreign Affairs in Vienna through the Austrian Cultural Forum in New York, as well as the Federal Ministry of Economics, Science, and Research through the Austrian Academic Exchange Service (ÖAAD). The Austrian Marshall Plan Anniversary Foundation in Vienna has been very generous in supporting Center Austria: The Austrian Marshall Plan Center for European Studies at the University of New Orleans and its publications series. The College of Liberal Arts at the University of New Orleans, the Vice Rectorate for Research, and the International Relations Office of the University of Innsbruck provided additional financial support. Contemporary Austrian Studies Sponsored by the University of New Orleans and Universität Innsbruck Editors Günter Bischof, Center Austria: Austrian Marshall Plan Center for European Studies, University of New Orleans Ferdinand Karlhofer, Universität Innsbruck Assistant Editor Ina Markova, University of New Orleans/Universität Wien Production Editors Copy Editor Abram Himelstein & G.K. Darby, Jen Hanks University of New Orleans University of New Orleans Press Birgit Holzner, Universität Innsbruck Executive Editors Christina Antenhofer, Universität Innsbruck Kevin Graves, University of New Orleans Advisory Board Siegfried Beer Helmut Konrad Universität Graz Universität Graz Peter Berger Sándor Kurtán Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien Corvinus University Budapest John Boyer Günther Pallaver University of Chicago Universität Innsbruck Gary Cohen (ex officio) Joseph Patrouch (ex officio) University of Minnesota Wirth Institute for Austrian and Christine Day Central European Studies, University of New Orleans University of Alberta Andreas Exenberger Peter Pulzer Universität Innsbruck University of Oxford Oscar Gabriel Oliver Rathkolb Universität Stuttgart Universität Wien Malachi Hacohen Sieglinde Rosenberger Duke University Universität Wien Reinhard Heinisch Heidemarie Uhl Universität Salzburg Österreichische Akademie der Pieter Judson Wissenschaften European University Institute, Ruth Wodak Florence Wilhelm Kohler University of Lancaster Universität Tübingen Table of Contents PREFACE xiii INTRODUCTION xix Ferdinand Karlhofer: Austrian Federalism: History–Properties–Change TOPICAL ESSAYS Anton Pelinka: From Habsburg to Communism to Democracy: 1 Reflections on (Non-)Federalism in Central Europe Peter Bußjäger: Austria’s Cooperative Federalism 11 Franz Fallend: A Redundant Second Chamber? 34 The Austrian Bundesrat in Comparative Perspective Margit Schratzenstaller: Reforming Austrian Fiscal Federalism: 54 Options, Obstacles, and Pitfalls Heinrich Neisser: Federalism and Administrative Reform 70 Annegret Eppler/Fritz Staudigl: Europeanization of Austrian 86 Federalism: The Case of Länder Rights in EU Affairs Alice Engl: Territorial Cooperation in a Federal Framework: 107 Austria’s Involvement in European Groupings of Territorial Cooperation Günther Pallaver: Confederalizing via European Integration: 128 South Tyrol from Habsburg to the Present NON-TOPICAL ESSAYS Moran Pearl: Books and Libraries as Witnesses of the Second 151 World War and the Holocaust in Monuments: Vienna and Berlin Ina Markova: Austrian Victims and Austria as Victim 172 in the “Short” 1940s: Visual Representations of the Nazi Past 1945-1947 FORUM: WORLD WAR I LITERATURE AND MEMORY Samuel Williamson, Jr.: New Literature on Austria-Hungary 201 and the First World War Martin Eichtinger: 1914-2014: Austria’s Commemoration 214 of World War I BOOK REVIEWS Emil Brix: Frank Trommler, Kulturmacht ohne Kompass: 231 Deutsche auswärtige Kulturbeziehungen im 20. Jahrhundert (Böhlau) Franz Mathis: Philipp Strobl, Innsbrucker Wirtschaftsgeschichte 235 (StudienVerlag) Karin Liebhart: Walter Manoschek, “Dann bin ich ja ein Mörder!:” 237 Adolf Storms und das Massaker an Juden in Deutsch Schützen (Wallstein) Evan Burr Bukey: Wolfgang Neugebauer, The Austrian Resistance 240 in World War II (Ed. Steinbauer) Alexander Smith: Robert Kriechbaumer, “… ständiger Verdruss 244 und viele Verletzungen:” Die Regierung Klima/Schüssel und die Bildung der ÖVP-FPÖ-Regierung. Österreich 1997-2000 (Böhlau) Thomas König: Christian H. Stifter,Zwischen geistiger 249 Erneuerung und Restauration: US-amerikanische Planungen zur Entnazifizierung und demokratischen Neuorientierung österreischer Wissenschaft 1941-1955 (Böhlau) Nicole Phelps: Günter Bischof, 251 Relationships/Beziehungsgeschichten: Austria and the United States in the Twentieth Century (StudienVerlag) Günter Bischof: Cornelius Lehnguth, Waldheim und die Folgen: 255 Der parteipolitische Umgang mit dem Nationalsozialismus in Österreich (Campus) ANNUAL REVIEW OF AUSTRIAN POLITICS 269 LIST OF AUTHORS 275 Preface In the United States, James Madison’s, Alexander Hamilton’s, and John Jay’s famous eighty-five essays collected and printed in 1788 in The Federalist (later called The Federalist Papers) represent sacred texts of American political thought and define American thinking on a federal system. They were written to persuade Americans to ratify the newly written constitution in the heated constitutional debates of the late 1780s. They helped define the relationship between the central government in Washington and the (then) thirteen individual states of the Union. In Federalist # 45, James Madison wrote that “[t]he powers delegated by the proposed Constitution to the federal government are few and defined,” while “[t]hose which are to remain in the State governments are numerous and indefinite.” What has happened since 1789 is that “effective governing power flowed to the national government slowly in the first 80 years of the nation’s history, somewhat more quickly in the next 80 and with dramatic speed from the middle of the twentieth century.” This occurred without significant changes to the constitution’s text, argues eminent constitutional historian Mark Tushnet, but through “a continuing constitutional convention” determining “how effective government is to be allocated.”1 The Federalist Papersalso address basic matters of political philosophy such as what constitutes “good government.” So Federalist # 1 makes a case for American exceptionalism and ruminates: “It has been frequently remarked, that it seems to have been reserved to the people of this country, by their conduct and example, to decide the important question, whether societies of men are really capable or not, of establishing good government from reflection and choice, or whether they are forever destined to depend, for their political constitutions, on accident and force.” The essays published in The Federalist are still today considered to constitute the basic political theory of federalism in the U.S. and the Western world. These ideas about factionalism in a democratic system, and central government-state relations, 1 Mark Tushnet, “The Evolution of Federalism in the United States: A Continuing Convention,” in Towards a European Constitution: A Historical and Political Comparison with the United States, ed. Michael Gehler et al. (Vienna: Böhlau, 2005), 127-143, p. 127. xii have helped keep the American Union together against all odds. In the 19th century (Southern) “states’ rights” doctrine split the Union apart and unleashed the Civil War. In the 20th century anti-central government sentiment in large swaths of the American public has threatened the coherence of the American Union (ironically today often built on the ideas of anti-state “Austrian economists” so loved by the Tea Party). Austrian federalism is a different cup of tea and a more recent phenomenon. Apart from the 1920 constitution, thinkers and writers on Austrian federalism cannot point to such a foundational and approachable text as the American Federalist Papers. Austrian federalism is historically constructed in the difficult post-World War I environment, when new states popped out of the Central European ground like mushrooms. Federalism was written into the 1920 constitution (revised 1929, suspended by the Dollfuß