<p> Learning Objectives</p><p>Upon completion of CHAPTER 4, the student should be able to:</p><p>4.1 Contrast sensation and perception, and compare bottom-up processing with top-down processing. (p. 128) 4.2 Explain how transduction, coding, and sensory reduction turn raw sensory data into signals the brain can understand. (p. 129) 4.3 Define psychophysics, and differentiate between absolute and difference thresholds. (p. 131) 4.4 What are the effects of subliminal stimuli? (p. 132) 4.5 Define sensory adaptation and explain why it is helpful. (p. 133) 4.6 Explain the gate-control theory of pain perception. (p. 133) 4.7 What can Helen Keller teach us about sensation and perception? (p. 134) 4.8 What is light? (p. 136) 4.9 Identify the key structures and functions of the eye. (p. 136) 4.10 Identify common problems with vision. (p. 138) 4.11 Contrast the trichromatic, opponent-process, and dual-process theories of color vision. (p.139) 4.12 Define audition and identify the three key parts of the ear. (p. 141) 4.13 Briefly explain the physical properties of sound waves. (p. 141) 4.14 Describe the place and frequency theories related to hearing. (p. 143) 4.15 Differentiate between conduction and nerve deafness. (p. 143) 4.16 Define and discuss the research on “perfect pitch.” (p. 144) 4.17 Briefly explain the processes of olfaction and gestation. (p. 146) 4.18 What are the body senses, and how do they work? (p. 148) 4.19 What are illusions and why are they important? (p. 150) 4.20 Describe the selection process and its three key factors—selective attention, feature detectors, and habituation. (p. 150) 4.21 Describe the Gestalt laws of perceptual organization. (p. 153) 4.22 Do the Gestalt laws apply cross-culturally? (p. 155) 4.23 What are perceptual constancies, and why are they important? (p. 156) 4.24 How do we perceive depth, and why are binocular and monocular cues important? (p. 156) 4.25 What factors influence how we interpret sensations? (p. 158) 4.26 What is ESP, and why is it so controversial? (p. 161) 4.27 Identify four forms of faulty reasoning behind ESP. (p. 162)</p>