Integrated pest management in ornamentals information kit Reprint – information current in 2000 REPRINT INFORMATION – PLEASE READ! For updated information please call 13 25 23 or visit the website www.deedi.qld.gov.au This publication has been reprinted as a digital book without any changes to the content published in 2000. We advise readers to take particular note of the areas most likely to be out-of-date and so requiring further research: • Chemical recommendations—check with an agronomist or Infopest www.infopest.qld.gov.au • Financial information—costs and returns listed in this publication are out of date. Please contact an adviser or industry body to assist with identifying more current figures. • Varieties—new varieties are likely to be available and some older varieties may no longer be recommended. Check with an agronomist, call the Business Information Centre on 13 25 23, visit our website www.deedi.qld.gov.au or contact the industry body. • Contacts—many of the contact details may have changed and there could be several new contacts available. The industry organisation may be able to assist you to find the information or services you require. • Organisation names—most government agencies referred to in this publication have had name changes. Contact the Business Information Centre on 13 25 23 or the industry organisation to find out the current name and contact details for these agencies. • Additional information—many other sources of information are now available for each crop. Contact an agronomist, Business Information Centre on 13 25 23 or the industry organisation for other suggested reading. Even with these limitations we believe this information kit provides important and valuable information for intending and existing growers. This publication was last revised in 2000. The information is not current and the accuracy of the information cannot be guaranteed by the State of Queensland. This information has been made available to assist users to identify issues involved in ornamental horticulture. This information is not to be used or relied upon by users for any purpose which may expose the user or any other person to loss or damage. Users should conduct their own inquiries and rely on their own independent professional advice. While every care has been taken in preparing this publication, the State of Queensland accepts no responsibility for decisions or actions taken as a result of any data, information, statement or advice, expressed or implied, contained in this publication. Know your pests 1 Know your PPPestsestsests What can you expect to learn from this section? The key pests that you are likely to find in your ornamental crops. A key pest refers to an insect or mite that has the potential to cause severe damage to plants. It may be nationally important, or only locally important. It may be seasonal or all year round. The pests are listed in order of their relative importance to the ornamentals industry. We have provided information that will increase your awareness of major pest problems on your property. This includes information on pest biology and behaviour, and guidance on control. Appropriate cultural, chemical and biocontrol methods are recommended to help you prevent infestations, or to manage them when they occur. For more information refer to Section 10, Further reading. Coloured photographs of each of these pests can be found in the companion publication Pests, Diseases, Disorders and Beneficials in Ornamentals: Field Identification Guide, see Section 10, Further reading page 7. Contents Directory of pest species ....................................................................2 Mites.................................................................................................4 Whiteflies .........................................................................................9 Thrips ..............................................................................................12 Aphids ............................................................................................16 Caterpillars ......................................................................................19 Flies.................................................................................................22 Mealybugs .......................................................................................25 Hard or armoured scales ..................................................................28 Soft scales .......................................................................................31 Bugs ................................................................................................34 Beetles and weevils .........................................................................36 Slugs and snails ...............................................................................40 Integrated Pest Management in Ornamentals: Information Guide 2 Know your pests Directory of pest species Mites page 4 Two-spotted mite (red spider mite) Tetranychus urticae Bean spider mite Tetranychus ludeni Southern red mite Oligonychus ilicis Broad mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus Cyclamen mite Phytonemus pallidus False spider mite Brevipalpus spp. Eriophyid mites Gall, bud, rust and erinose mites Whiteflies page 9 Greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum Silverleaf whitefly Bemisia argentifolii Ash whitefly Siphoninus phillyreae Spiralling whitefly Aleurodicus dispersus Thrips page 12 Western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis Onion thrips Thrips tabaci Greenhouse thrips Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Cuban laurel thrips Gynaikothrips ficorum Plague thrips Thrips imaginis Gladiolus thrips Thrips simplex Aphids page 16 Green peach aphid Myzus persicae Cotton aphid Aphis gossypii Potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae Lily aphid Aulacorthum circumflexum Foxglove aphid Aulacorthum solani Rose aphid Macrosiphum rosae Chrysanthemum aphid Macrosiphoniella sanborni Cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora Caterpillars page 19 Corn earworm Helicoverpa armigera Native budworm Helicoverpa punctigera Cluster caterpillar Spodoptera litura Loopers Chrysodeixis spp. Lightbrown apple moth Epiphyas postvittana Cutworms Agrotis spp. Flies page 22 Fungus gnats Bradysia spp. Shore fly Scatella australiae Cineraria leafminer Chromatomyia (Phytomyza) syngenesiae Integrated Pest Management in Ornamentals: Information Guide Know your pests 3 Mealybugs page 25 Citrus mealybug Planococcus citri Longtailed mealybug Pseudococcus longispinus Root mealybug Rhizoecus falcifer Hard or armoured scales page 28 Oleander scale (ivy scale) Aspidiotus nerii White louse (citrus snow scale) Unaspis citri Rose scale Aulacaspis rosae Fern scale Pinnaspis caricis Latania scale Hemiberlesia lataniae San José scale Quadraspidiotus perniciosus White palm scale Phenacaspis eugeniae Soft scales page 31 Soft brown scale Coccus hesperidum Pink wax scale Ceroplastes rubens White wax scale Ceroplastes destructor Hemispherical scale Saissetia coffeae Black scale Saissetia oleae Bugs page 34 Green mirid Creontiades dilutus Azalea lace bug Stephanitis pyrioides Leafhoppers Various Harlequin bug Dindymus versicolor Beetles and weevils page 36 African black beetle Heteronychus arator Redshouldered leaf beetle Monolepta australis (monolepta beetle) Hibiscus beetle Aethina (Olliffura)concolor Black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus Sugarcane weevilborer Rhabdoscelus obscurus (cane weevil borer) Garden weevil Phlyctinus callosus Vegetable weevil Listroderes difficilis Native scarab beetles (white curl grubs) Sericesthis spp. Slugs and snails page 40 Black-keeled slug Milax gagates Brown slug Deroceras parnormitanum Common garden snail Helix aspersa Green snail Helix aperta (Western Australia) Reticulated slug Deroceras reticulatum Sand dune snail (white Italian snail) Theba pisana Vineyard snail (common white snail) Cernuella virgata White bradybaena snail Bradybaena similaris Integrated Pest Management in Ornamentals: Information Guide 4 Know your pests Mites Two-spotted mite (red spider mite): Tetranychus urticae (Card reference 12) Bean spider mite: Tetranychus ludeni (Card reference 14) Southern red mite: Oligonychus ilicis (Card reference 16) Broad mite: Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Card reference 18) Cyclamen mite: Phytonemus pallidus (Card reference 20) False spider mite: Brevipalpus spp. (Card reference 22) Eriophyid mite: Gall, bud, rust and erinose mites (Card reference 24) Importance/risk Card reference Mites are a high risk if not detected early and treated. Pests, Diseases, Disorders Two-spotted mite and broad mite are key pests in an IPM program. Resist- and Beneficials in ance to chemicals is a major problem in two-spotted mite. Ornamentals: Field Pest Family State Identification Guide, see Two-spotted mite Section 10 page 7 (red spider mite) Tetranychidae (spider mite) Key pest in all States Bean spider mite Tetranychidae (spider mite) Minor pest in all States except WA Southern red mite Tetranychidae (spider mite) Minor pest in NSW Broad mite Tarsonemidae Key pest in QLD, NSW; minor pest in SA Cyclamen mite Tarsonemidae Key pest in NSW; minor pest in WA False spider mite Tenuipalpidae Minor pest in QLD, NSW, VIC, SA, NT Eriophyid mites Eriophyidae Key pest in QLD; some plants more susceptible Two-spotted mite is a major pest because of its broad host range, efficient reproductive capacity, short generation time and increasing resistance to several pesticides. It can cause a great deal of damage under hot, dry conditions and may go unnoticed until widespread. Bean