United Wambo Open Cut Coal Project 11.3.16 WLALC Feedback ‐ 18 February 2016 GC01 Page | 233 United Wambo Open Cut Coal Project GC01 Page | 234 United Wambo Open Cut Coal Project 11.3.17 Archaeological Test Excavation Comments ‐ United response to PCWP GC01 Page | 235 United Wambo Open Cut Coal Project 11.3.18 Archaeological Test Excavation Comments ‐ United response to WLALC GC01 Page | 236 United Wambo Open Cut Coal Project 11.3.19 Peer review of OzArk report GC01 Page | 237 United Wambo Open Cut Coal Project GC01 Page | 238 United Wambo Open Cut Coal Project GC01 Page | 239 United Wambo Open Cut Coal Project GC01 Page | 240 United Wambo Open Cut Coal Project GC01 Page | 241 United Wambo Open Cut Coal Project 11.3.20 Tocumwal Response to Peer Review GC01 Page | 242 United Wambo Open Cut Coal Project GC01 Page | 243 United Wambo Open Cut Coal Project GC01 Page | 244 United Wambo Open Cut Coal Project GC01 Page | 245 United Wambo Open Cut Coal Project 11.3.21 Glencore Response to PCWP 1st June Letter GC01 Page | 246 United Wambo Open Cut Coal Project GC01 Page | 247 United Wambo Open Cut Coal Project GC01 Page | 248 United Wambo Open Cut Coal Project GC01 Page | 249 United Wambo Open Cut Coal Project 11.3.22 Response from PCWP GC01 Page | 250 United Wambo Open Cut Coal Project 11.3.23 Feedback from WNAC GC01 Page | 251 United Wambo Open Cut Coal Project GC01 Page | 252 United Wambo Open Cut Coal Project GC01 Page | 253 United Wambo Open Cut Coal Project GC01 Page | 254 United Wambo Open Cut Coal Project 11.4 Plains Clans of the Wonnarua Peoples ACHAR GC01 Page | 255 GLENCORE UNITED COLLIERIES ABORIGINAL CULTRAL HERITAGE ASSESSMENT Company Glencore Coal Assets Australia Contact Aislinn Farnon Date 21 October 2015 Integrating Landscape Science & Aboriginal Culture Knowledge For Our Sustainable Future Contents 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Background ....................................................................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Document Purpose ....................................................................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Aims and Objectives ..................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Limitations of Study ..................................................................................................................................................... 9 1.5 Proposed Impacts ....................................................................................................................................................... 10 1.6 Report Format and Authorship ........................................................................................................................... 10 2 The Plains Clans of the Wonnarua Peoples ................................................................... 11 2.1 Who are the Plains Clans of the Wonnarua People (PCWP) ................................................................ 11 2.2 The Traditional Lands of the Wonnarua People .................................................................................... 11 2.3 An introduction to the Heads of Families of the PCWP .......................................................................... 14 2.3.1 Charlie Franks ...................................................................................................................................................... 14 2.3.2 Maria Stocks .......................................................................................................................................................... 15 2.3.3 Rhonda Ward ........................................................................................................................................................ 15 2.3.4 Rob Lester ............................................................................................................................................................... 16 3 Historical Sources ......................................................................................................... 17 3.1 A Brief History of Contact and Post-Contact Settlement in Wonnarua Country........................ 17 3.2 Historical Accounts of Wonnarua People ...................................................................................................... 22 3.3 Cultural Practices........................................................................................................................................................ 23 3.4 Subsistence Strategies.............................................................................................................................................. 25 3.5 Material Culture .......................................................................................................................................................... 26 4 Landscape Context ........................................................................................................ 28 4.1 Background .................................................................................................................................................................... 28 4.1.1 Geomorphology .................................................................................................................................................... 29 4.1.2 Historical Accounts of the Landscape Around the Study Area....................................................... 29 4.1.3 The Hunter River Valley: Post-Contact Changes .................................................................................. 33 4.1.4 Geomorphic Expectations................................................................................................................................ 34 4.1.5 The Study Areas Landscape Context .......................................................................................................... 35 4.1.6 Comparative Study: Nowlands Creek ........................................................................................................ 36 4.1.7 Comparative Study: Terrace Development on Widden Brook, Upper Hunter Valley, NSW 38 4.1.8 Geomorphology of the Hunter Valley: Discussion ................................................................................ 41 4.1.9 Landscape Archaeology and Cultural Significance ............................................................................. 41 5 Archaeological Evidence ............................................................................................... 46 5.1 Aboriginal Hunter-Gatherers: an Introduction ........................................................................................... 46 5.2 Tangible and Intangible Aboriginal Cultural Heritage ............................................................................ 46 5.3 Cultural Landscapes and Intangible Sites ...................................................................................................... 47 5.4 Hunter-gatherer Settlement Patterns: An Example of a Model .......................................................... 48 5.5 Aboriginal Occupation of the Traditional Lands of the PCWP ............................................................ 51 5.6 Predictive Models for the Study Area .............................................................................................................. 53 Integrating Landscape Science & Aboriginal Culture Knowledge For Our Sustainable Future | 2 5.7 Summary of Significance Based on the Current Ozark Program ....................................................... 57 6 Documenting the PCWP Cultural Values for the Project Area ...................................... 58 6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................. 58 6.2 A Holistic Approach ................................................................................................................................................... 59 6.3 Cultural values ............................................................................................................................................................. 62 6.4 PCWP Consultation and Participation ............................................................................................................. 62 7 Recognising the PCWP Values in the Project Area: Results .......................................... 64 7.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................. 64 7.2 Historical values .......................................................................................................................................................... 64 7.2.1 Associative values ........................................................................................................................................... 65 7.2.2 Social values .......................................................................................................................................................... 66 7.2.3 Spiritual values ...................................................................................................................................................