<p> Revolutionizing the Sciences (2001) Chapter Three: The Scholar & The Craftsman</p><p>The following questions/outline should guide your reading, note taking, & studying. Students who can answer these questions in their own words without simply copying information from notes will show their understanding of the chapter.</p><p>Big Picture Questions, Terms, & Individuals [49-59, 47-59 (2nd ed)]: I. Mastering the occult Knowledge of nature discussed OUTSIDE the universities?  contemplative knowledge versus practical knowledge  scholasticism (scientia) versus craftsmen/artisans How did Paracelsus’ theories & practice DIFFER from Galenic medicine?  health & illness? (4 “humours” of Galen)  occult sympathies, microcosm-macrocosm, astra, tria prima? (Paracelsianism)</p><p>II. Craft knowledge & its spokesmen How did the status of practical know-how change in the 16th century?  mining & metallurgy? (Pirotechnia & De re metallica)  vita contemplativa versus vita activa?  alchemy & chemistry? (Alchemia)</p><p>In what ways was mathematical practice mixed with natural philosophy?  navigational sciences? (Gresham College)  astronomy & Digges? (A Perfit Description of the Caelestiall Orbes)  magnetism & Gilbert? (De magnete)  practical know-how & experimental knowledge</p><p>III. Francis Bacon: philosophy, practical knowledge, & the place of antiquity  what were his views on practical knowledge? (The Advancement of Learning, Novum Organum)  did he completely reject ancient knowledge?</p><p>IV. Knowledge & statecraft [61-64, 60-63 [2nd ed)]  what was Bacon’s method for making knowledge? (via et ratio)  how did it differ from Aristotelian method? (syllogism)  what is induction according to Bacon?  purpose of knowledge? (New Atlantis, “Salomon’s House”)  role of mathematics? Overall significance of Bacon’s writings? Scientific Revolution (ca. 1500-1700)</p><p>What were some of the major changes? Why did they take place? Who were the main characters involved? Were they thinking & behaving like modern "scientists"? [Hint: NO]</p><p>Six Major Changes</p><p>1) Abandonment of ancient Greek picture of the universe</p><p>2) Gradual rejection of Aristotelian binary physics</p><p>3) Undermining of ancient Greek anatomical & physiological knowledge</p><p>4) Shift from Aristotelian theory of knowledge to modern skepticism</p><p>5) Development of new methods for establishing certainty by mathematics, instrumentation, and experimental techniques.</p><p>6) Founding of the first national, government-sponsored scientific societies</p>