<p> Mad King Ludwig Memorial History Tournament Chicago Open 2006 History Doubles, July 28, 2006 Questions by Chris Frankel</p><p>Tossups, Round 8</p><p>1. This kingdom, which buried its leaders in a site now called the “Thousand Mounds” and may have had its roots in a lost dynasty called the Atyads, was involved in peace negotiations led by Syennis and Labynetus, which set its boundaries at the river Halys after its war with the kingdom under the son of Phraortes had ended abruptly due to an eclipse predicted by Thales of Miletus. Herodotus described how its Heraclid dynasty was ended when the Candaules was murdered for shaming his wife and replaced by the father of Ardys, the latter of whom is often credited as the first king to mint coins. Though it flourished under the rule of such Mermnad kings as Sadyattes and Alyattes II, it was brought down after the Battle of Thymbra. FTP, name this ancient kingdom with a capital of Sardis, whose last leader, Croesus, was defeated by Cyrus the Great? ANSWER: Lydia or Lydians</p><p>2. The drowning death of his colleague Diego Salcedo prompted his former ally Agueybana to lead a revolt of the Taino people against him and his settlements, including Caparra. Another hostile native attack, an ambush by the Calusa, would cause his death by an arrow wound. Appointed as governor of Higuey, he had previously served as a lieutenant under Nicolas de Ovando. This conqueror of the islands of Borinquien and Bimini began his career by sailing on the second voyage of Christopher Columbus, but his most lasting achievement was his landing on a certain lush peninsula on Easter Sunday. FTP, name this Spanish explorer who searched for the Fountain of Youth and ended up discovering Florida. ANSWER: Juan Ponce de Leon</p><p>3. The seizure of Thomas Shardelow’s house, with a mass burning of documents and a declaration by Robert Cave, marked its outbreak in Dartford. Robert Belknap was subdued in his attempt to arrest its original inciters, Thomas Baker and his men, who refused Thomas Bampton’s attempts at collection. It saw Tower Hill become an execution site as royal officials Robert Hales, John Legge, and Simon Sudbury were beheaded. Thomas Farringdon, Abel Ker, and Jack Straw ranked among the leaders of this event, which saw violence break out in Essex and Kent over anger at the Statute of Labourers and a poll tax. An army under Mayor William Walworth helped put down, FTP, what uprising against Richard II by a bunch of poor people under Wat Tyler? ANSWER: Peasants’ Revolt (accept “Wat Tyler’s Rebellion” until his name is mentioned)</p><p>4. In this piece, the enthusiasm of supporters is likened to that of the Crusaders under Peter the Hermit, and fears of the emergence of another Robespierre expressed by William Vilas are dismissed. Statements by former Massachusetts Governor William Russell and Senator David Hill of New York are also addressed in this piece, which alludes to Thomas Hart Benton’s characterization of Andrew Jackson as a modern-day Cicero that exposed the Cataline-esque conspiracy of the national bank. Quoting John Carlisle’s claim of a dichotomy between “‘the struggling masses’” and “‘the idle holders of capital,’” it decried an act passed in 1873 and was delivered in Chicago during the Democratic National Convention. FTP, identify this address that warned against “press[ing] down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns,” a free silver advocacy speech delivered by William Jennings Bryan. ANSWER: “Cross of Gold” speech (if someone buzzes early and says that it was Bryan’s 1896 DNC speech or something to that effect, accept that)</p><p>5. The U.S.’s role in this conflict consisted of providing an airlift in Operation Nickel Grass and restraining its allies from attacking the enemy’s Third Army, which found itself surrounded south of Bitter Lake. Its occurrence was examined by the Agranat Commission, which blamed Eli Zeira for a lapse in intelligence and forced the resignation of David Elazar as Chief of Staff, and its aftermath also saw a series of protests led by Motti Ashenazi, a survivor of the surprise assault on the Bar Lev Line that opened it. The first naval battle between missile boats, the Battle of Latakia, occurred during this war, which followed the War of Attrition and resulted in the creation of a UN buffer zone in the Golan Heights. FTP, identify this Israeli-Arab war that started on a Jewish holiday. ANSWER: Yom Kippur War</p><p>6. Later additions to this group were headed by Ferdinand III of Tuscany and a man crowned as King Jerome. Created under a forty article charter, it lost most of its members after the Treaty of Kalisch, and also saw its membership reduced by the partitioning of such states as Arenberg. A Central Administration Committee was created in an attempt to replace it, while the body that oversaw it during its existence was a College of Kings headed by a Prince-Primate, Karl Theodor von Dalberg. Its formation was the aftermath of territorial reorganization done under the Treaty of Pressburg and the relinquishment of Francis II’s title in exchange for the crown of Austria. FTP, the Holy Roman Empire was effectively replaced by what union of German states formed under Napoleon and named after a river? ANSWER: Confederation of the Rhine or Rheinbund or Confederation du Rhin</p><p>7. His appearance at a council at Etampes drew him into a conflict he would resolve by winning the allegiance of Victor IV to end the succession crisis that came with Honorius II’s death and Anacletus II’s becoming an antipope to Innocent II. He also put down a church dispute with William X of Aquitaine and defended the legitimacy of Lothair II before beginning his series of sermons on the Canticle of Canticles. He also wrote On the Love of God and the Book of Considerations, the latter of which was addressed to his student, Pope Eugenius III. During the Council of Troyes, he set forth the rules for the Knights Templar, but made his most memorable statement in a sermon at Vezelay that inspired King Louis VII to begin a campaign to Damascus. FTP, identify this French monk who preached the Second Crusade and brought the Cistercian order to prominence. ANSWER: Bernard of Clairvaux</p><p>8. After completing the Libri ad edictum, Ulpian succeeded Papinian as the head of this body. The duo of Publius Aper and Quintus Ostorius Scapula served as its first formally appointed leaders, and Tacitus criticized Vitellius’ decision to expand it to its largest size and fill its roster with Germans. After the assassination of Pertinax, Flavius Sulpicianus lost to Didius Julianus in an infamous auction they held to determine his successor. In 31 AD, Tiberius named Quintus Sutorius Macro head of this body to replace its ambitious prefect, Sejanus, and it was this group who later engineer the assassination of Tiberius’ successor, Caligula. FTP, name this elite force designed to serve as bodyguards to the Roman emperors. ANSWER: Praetorian Guard</p><p>9. John Thomand O’Brien was promoted to captain for leading a troop of mounted grenadiers in this battle, which also led to the rescue of Admiral Encalada from his forced island exile. Although the eventual victors lost over 2,000 men in the alpine crossing preceding this encounter, their First Division under General Soler alone outnumbered enemy forces. Although the morale generated by this victory would be dimmed briefly by a loss to General Osorio the following year at Cancha Rayada, it paved the way for Maipu, the final victory over the Royalists. FTP, Spain’s Rafael Maroto was defeated by Jose de San Martin and Bernardo O’Higgins in what decisive 1817 battle near Santiago, Chile? ANSWER: Battle of Chacabuco</p><p>10. This statement decried the “adventurist conception of ‘exporting revolution’ [and] of ‘bringing happiness’ to other peoples” and argued that nations cannot pursue a “‘non-affiliated’ stand” and “self-determination,” characterizing the status quo as a worldwide political struggle in which nobody can avoid taking sides. The namesake response issued by Helmut Sonnenfeldt was criticized as spineless complacency to this statement, which was first announced to the Fifth Congress of the United Worker’s Party and repudiated two decades later in a statement by Gennadi Gerasimov that alluded to the song “My Way.” Issued as a response to Prague Spring and replaced by the Sinatra Doctrine, this is, FTP, what 1969 policy statement promising Soviet intervention in reforming socialist nations, named after the Soviet leader of the time? ANSWER: Brezhnev Doctrine 11. The father-son duo James and John Craggs were two of the men tried for their involvement in it, though both died before a ruling was delivered. The claim that a law ought to be made to punish the men involved was issued by Robert Molesworth, who oversaw the prosecution of the Craggs, Charles Stanhope, and John Aislabie. Briefly empowered by a contract in the Asiento agreement with Spain, it sprang from a proposal by George Caswall and John Blunt, the latter of whom produced its charter, and was formally founded by Robert Harley. However, it would inspire the passage of an act requiring a royal charter for all joint stock companies with its spectacular collapse in 1720. FTP, Robert Walpole came to power after a stock market crash driven by what sketchy trading company, known for its eponymous bubble? ANSWER: South Sea Company (accept South Sea Bubble)</p><p>12. Its penultimate plank was comprised of Jim Ramstad’s bill to implement an “honesty in evidence” policy and limited use of the “loser pays” system, the Common Sense Legal Reform Act. The banning of proxy votes in committees, a required 3/5th majority for the passage of tax hikes, and an outside audit of the Congressional budget were among the eight reforms promised in addition to the list that contained the aforementioned act, the American Dream Restoration Act, and a Citizen Legislature Act mandating term limits in its set of ten bills to be pushed forth in the first hundred days of the next congress. Citing a common bond with Abraham Lincoln, this document borrowed from Ronald Reagan’s 1985 State of the Union speech, and was prepared by Dick Armey. FTP, the Republicans gained control of the 104th Congress on the strength of what broadly addressed pledge supported by Newt Gingrich? ANSWER: Contract with America</p><p>13. His first major titles consisted of the governorship of Dun and Villefranche, which were bestowed upon him by the Duke of Lorraine shortly after he fought at Ivry. Hailing from Brabant, he fought for the Spanish under Alessandro Farnese and participated in the siege of Antwerp. After a few years leading a campaign against the Turks under Rudolph II, he entered his most noteworthy post, where he would achieve victory at Stadtlohn and Lutter, respectively defeating Ernst von Manfeld and Christian IV of Denmark. Also the victor at Wimpfen, he was defeated in the Battle of Breitenfeld months after he and Gottfried Pappenheim sacked the city of Magdeburg. FTP, identify this commander of the Catholic League, who, with Wallenstein, was Gustavus Adolphus’ chief military rival in the Thirty Years’ War. ANSWER: Johannes Tserclaes, Count of Tilly</p><p>14. The aristocracy staved off a succession crisis in this period by exiling a priest of the Hosso sect named Dokyo, who had convinced the Empress Koken to abdicate in his favor. The construction of the Todaiji Temple, which houses its namesake city’s Daibatsu statue, was overseen by the Emperor Shomu, who sought to establish a Buddhist state. During this period, which saw the capital moved from its namesake city to Nagaoka ten years before its end, the Kojiki was compiled and much of Japan’s cultural and political reforms were modeled after those of the Tang Dynasty. FTP, identify this Japanese historical period that lasted from 710 to 794 AD and fell between the Yamato and Heian periods. ANSWER: Nara Period</p><p>15. An attempt to provide this organization with a base was led by Sir Andrew Cunningham, was dubbed Operation Menace, and culminated with a failed naval attempt to seize Dakar. Its liberation of Syria under Georges Catroux coincided with the formation of the CNF, its main governing body, in London. The New Hebrides was one of the first territories to ally with this movement, which used the Cross of Lorraine as its distinguishing symbol. Merged with eight groups, including the Secret Army under Charles Delestraint and the Combat group under Henry Frenay, to form the CNR at the urging of one of its leading members, Jean Moulin, this movement was first proposed in a famous BBC radio address made on June 18th, 1940. FTP, identify this resistance movement against Nazi occupation of its nation, led by Charles de Gaulle. ANSWER: Free France or Free French or France Libre (prompt on “French Resistance”)</p><p>16. When it was purchased from Duncan Campbell, it was known as the Bethia, and it became the subject of a search by Edward Edwards and the Pandora that led to the capture and hanging of Thomas Ellison, John Millward and Thomas Burkitt, while James Morrison and Peter Heywood were pardoned after their trials. John Fryer wrote a narrative that described how nineteen men were cast off in its tiny launch and made an improbable 3,000 mile voyage from Tofoa to Timor. Fryer served as master on this vessel, which, after a proposal by botanist Joseph Banks, was sent on a mission to collect breadfruit from Tahiti before being seized by first mate Fletcher Christian. FTP, William Bligh captained what ship, the subject of an infamous mutiny? ANSWER: HMS Bounty</p><p>17. During the violent actions that occurred at this location, locals used the drowned body of William Leeman as target practice. Hayward Shepherd was the first man killed, and after the initial actions, Lewis Washington became one of the hostages taken and a train that was detained passing through on the B&O line alerted officials in Washington D.C. The fire engine house that became known as “[the instigator’s] fort” was stormed by Israel Green at the orders of J.E.B. Stuart, and that ringleader, who had entered this area under the pseudonym Isaac Smith, received no help from his backers in the Secret Six in preventing his trial and eventual hanging. FTP, identify this West Virginia weapons storehouse that was raided by John Brown. ANSWER: United States Armory and Arsenal at Harper’s Ferry</p><p>18. Its second part’s last chapter draws a dichotomy between east-west and north-south axes, while an earlier chapter in that part traces the development of edible almonds. The failure of the Phaistos Disk to spawn advances in printing is examined in another chapter, which argues that “technology begets technology,” and is entitled “Necessity’s Mother.” “Farmer Power” and “Apples or Indians” are other chapters in this work, whose author uses the “Anna Karenina Principle” to explain why zebras have never been domesticated. In attempting to answer a question posed to the author from a New Guinea politician named Yali, this work explains the fall of Atahualpa and the Incas and discusses how the development of human society has been shaped by geography. FTP, identify this book, whose title refers to three tools of conquest, a work by Jared Diamond. ANSWER: Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies</p><p>19. His rise to power was clinched by a filibuster that pressured the senile Maffeo Gherardo into pledging to support him. He sanctioned the partitioning of Naples in the Secret Treaty of Granada and approved a divorce from Jane of Valois to one of its signatories, Louis XII, in order to win support from France after its earlier ruler, Charles VIII, had invaded Italy. The defeat of his army at Soriano resulted in the murder of one of his sons, the Duke of Gandia, while another one employed Don Michelotto and savagely raped Caterina Sforza. An affair with Vanozza Catanei produced those children by this man, who brokered the Treaty of Tordesillas and succeeded Innocent VIII. FTP, identify this nephew of Calixtus III, a Spanish-born pope and father to Juan, Cesare and Lucrezia. ANSWER: Alexander VI or Rodrigo Borgia</p><p>20. Isaac Davis and John Young served as royal advisors in this kingdom, with Asa Thurston and the crew of the Thaddeus subsequently becoming the first major Christian missionaries to arrive there. The civil war that unified it is described in the Memoirs of Henry Obookiah, and created a dynasty, which later had Gerrit Judd ruling under it as Prime Minister and ended when Bernice Bishop refused to take the throne. Once ruled by an elected king, William Lunalilo, this land was the subject of reports by John Morgan and James Blount investigating whether John L. Stevens unjustly used royal attempts to revise the Bayonet Constitution as a pretext to overthrow its last queen. FTP, Sanford Dole replaced Liliuokalani as leader of, what archipelago, which became America’s 50th state? ANSWER: Hawaii Mad King Ludwig Memorial History Tournament Chicago Open 2006 History Doubles, July 28, 2006 Questions by Chris Frankel</p><p>Bonuses, Round 8</p><p>1. Answer the following about a feminist family, FTPE. [10] Sylvia was an outspoken communist and cofounder of the Woman’s Peace Army, while her sister Christabel worked with their mother in establishing the Women's Social and Political Union. ANSWER: Pankhursts [10] The Pankhursts’ and the WSPU’s pro-World War I stance suggested a possible tie between them and this Charles Fitzgerald founded movement, which encouraged women to present civilian men in Britain with the namesake objects, which were symbols of cowardice, in order to coerce them into enlisting. ANSWER: Order of the White Feather [10] Emmeline Pankhurst was linked to the bombing of the country house of this future prime minister, who would go on to represent Britain at the Versailles peace talks. ANSWER: David Lloyd George</p><p>2. It burned down the house of Cao Xulin. FTPE: [10] Spawned by spring 1919 student riots in Peking in protest of the Treaty of Versailles, it evolved into a movement calling for progressive and democratic reforms in imperialist China. ANSWER: May 4th Movement [10] Yuan Shih-kai’s early capitulation to this Japanese statement, which issued a set of orders that included instructing China to recognize Japanese authority in Manchuria and Mongolia, was one of the chief points of contention for the May 4th Movement. ANSWER: Twenty One Demands [10] In the Twenty One Demands, Japan also called for control of this eastern Chinese province, which borders the Yellow Sea and contains Tsingtao. It was previously held as a German possession. ANSWER: Shandong or Shantung</p><p>3. Identify these works that bitched about American society being stagnant or some crap like that, FTPE. [10] In this treatise, Brooks Adams offers the titular theory linking the rise and fall of societies to commercial success. After tracing the history of Rome, the Crusades, and the Reformation, Adams argues that the U.S. must undergo continued expansion or began declining back into a state of barbarism. ANSWER: The Law of Civilization and Decay [10] The proliferation of suburbia and white-collar corporate culture was draining the individuality from the average worker and turning him into the titular conformity-minded persona, according to this William Whyte book. ANSWER: The Organization Man [10] Published in 1963, this uppity book ranted that traditional norms created a “cult of domesticity,” forcing women to play the role of the “happy housewife” and abandon their ambitions for independence and successful careers. ANSWER: The Feminine Mystique</p><p>4. Stuff about a Byzantine dynasty, FTPE. [10] Isaac I was the first of this family to gain power, but was succeeded by Constantine X Ducas. Alexius I, the subject of Anna’s Alexiad, regained the throne for it and started a dynasty, which ruled until 1185. ANSWER: Comnenus or Comnenid or Comnenian [10] Succeeding Alexius I and John II, this man was the third leader of the Comnenus Dynasty. Written about by John Kinnamos, he oversaw the passage of the Second Crusade through his territory and waged war against such men as Raymond of Antioch and Roger of Sicily. ANSWER: Manuel I [10] After the Fourth Crusaders’ sack of Constantinople, another Alexius Comnenus formed this tiny offshoot empire on the southeast coast of the Black Sea and to the east of Nicea. Its leaders took the title of Grand Comnenus and ruled until David Comnenus surrendered to the Ottomans in 1461. ANSWER: Trebizond</p><p>5. FTPE, answer the following about some of those seemingly ubiquitous European secret police groups. [10] The Sigurimi, established in 1943, was the creation of this dictator, whose right hand man was Mehmet Shehu. ANSWER: Enver Hoxha [10] First led by Felix Dzerzhinsky, this organization later evolved into the GPU. It oversaw the reprisal against participants of the Kronstadt Rebellion and served as a general enforcer of Bolshevik interests. ANSWER: VeCheka [10] Ante Pavelic founded this terrorist movement, whose members became military enforcers when the Axis Powers established the Independent State of Croatia. Hundreds of thousands of Serbs were executed at their death camps, such as Jasenovac. ANSWER: Ustase</p><p>6. Leo Wolpert still wants his forty acres and a mule. Appease Leo by answering this bonus. FTPE: [10] This Ohio native, who briefly served as Grant’s second Secretary of War after the death of John Rawlins, issued Special Field Order #15, which promised black families forty acres and a mule, and possibly Will Turner’s backpack. ANSWER: William Tecumseh Sherman [10] Oliver Otis Howard headed this government agency, whose main objective was to provide aid to former slaves in the southern and border states. ANSWER: Freedman’s Bureau [10] This Mississippi man was arrested for publishing editorials harshly criticizing Reconstruction. He sued for the right of habeas corpus under a provision made by the Reconstruction Acts, resulting in an ex parte Supreme Court case that was defused when Congress pre-emptively voted to remove that provision. ANSWER: William McCardle</p><p>7. Answer the following about the early history of a French territory, FTPE. [10] Dijon has been the traditional center of this region in eastern France, which counts Philip the Good and John the Fearless among its historical leaders. ANSWER: Burgundy [10] France acquired Burgundy through the efforts of this king, a son of Hugh Capet, who was nicknamed for his devotion despite the fact that he got excommunicated by Gregory V for marrying his cousin Bertha. ANSWER: Robert II or Robert the Pious [10] Contained in Burgundy is this historical Benedictine monastery, founded by William the Pious and first administered by St. Berno. Urban II and Gregory VII were two of the popes that were trained here. ANSWER: Cluny</p><p>8. For lack of any better bonus ideas, identify some once-prominent African cities. FTPE: [10] Sunni Ali Ber turned this city on the Niger River into the center of the Songhai Empire. ANSWER: Gao [10] Kivinje, Masoko, and the island town of Kisiwani were the three incarnations of this historic city on the southeast coast of Tanzania, once the center of a Swahili trading empire. Sacked by Portugal in the early 1500’s, it is often linked to the legend of King Solomon’s Mines. ANSWER: Kilwa [10] Legend holds that in this city, Okomfo Anokye received the Golden Stool and buried his sword there to commemorate it, which is why it became the Ashanti capital. ANSWER: Kumasi</p><p>9. Examples of them include Topaz in Utah, Minidoka in Idaho, and Tule Lake in northern California. FTPE: [10] Identify these ten establishments, which were built in response to Executive Order 9066 and were administered by the WRA. ANSWER: Japanese internment camps or War Relocation Centers (accept clear knowledge equivalents) [10] Ansel Adams’ book, Born Free and Equal, contains photographs he took at this Japanese internment camp in southern California’s Owens Valley. In 1942 it became the first operating camp. ANSWER: Manzanar War Relocation Center [10] Hugo Black wrote the majority opinion for this 1944 Supreme Court case, which upheld the constitutionality of Japanese internment camps and involved an Oakland man who refused to report to one. ANSWER: Korematsu v. U.S.</p><p>10. Answer the following about a group of people comprised of 36 clans. FTPE: [10] Claiming to be descendents of the original Kshatriya, these Hindu peoples held Northern India during the Middle Ages. Their dynasties included the Chauhan and Sisodias, and they were incorporated into the Mughal Empire as part of a marriage-based alliance with Akbar. ANSWER: Rajputs [10] In the 12th Century, the Rajputs faced an invasion from Islamic Afghans led by Mohamad of Ghor. Under Prithvaraja, the Rajputs were finally defeated in the second of a series of battles at this location. ANSWER: Taraori or Tarain [10] Islamic victory at Taraori led to the establishment of a sultanate based in this Indian city. It began under the Slave Dynasty in 1206 and was finally toppled by Babur, who then founded the Mughal Empire. ANSWER: Delhi</p><p>11. Answer some stuff about a group of Russian soldiers, FTPE. [10] This elite class of musketeers engaged in a failed 1698 uprising against Peter the Great and was purged shortly afterwards. ANSWER: Streltsy [10] A prior revolution by the Streltsy had occurred after the death of Fyodor III, and resulted in Peter and this retard half-brother of his being named co-rulers, with their sister Sophia serving as regent. ANSWER: Ivan V [10] Konstaty Bulavin led another failed revolt against Peter in this southern city located on the mouth of the Volga and near the Caspian Sea. Its name also refers to a 15th Century Tatar Khanate with a capital at Xacitarxan. ANSWER: Astrakhan</p><p>12. 19th Century diplomatic relations between Great Britain and the U.S., FTPE. [10] This treaty allowed both the U.S. and Great Britain to maintain four warships each, including one each on Champlain and Ontario, but otherwise demilitarized the Great Lakes. ANSWER: Rush-Bagot Agreement [10] Richard Rush also joined this ambassador to France, who had earlier been the longest-serving U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, in the Convention of 1818 with Great Britain, which started the dispute over the Oregon boundary. This man also helped negotiate the Peace of Ghent. ANSWER: Albert Gallatin [10] Washington’s San Juan Island was the site of this bloodless Anglo-American conflict, which was mediated by Winfield Scott and British Columbia governor James Douglas. The only casualty was a British-owned animal killed by Lyman Cutlar. ANSWER: Pig War</p><p>13. Answer the following about a man sometimes called the father of sociology. FTPE: [10] This 14th Century Tunisian-born scholar worked out of Fez, Cairo, and Grenada, and authored a thorough seven volume history of the Islamic world, the Kitab al-Ibar. ANSWER: Ibn Khaldun [10] This first chapter of the Kitab-al-Ibar attributes the rise of civilizations to asabiyya, a positive group dynamic that inspires a collective unity, and is the most widely studied work of Ibn Khaldun. ANSWER: Muqaddimah or Prolegomena [10] Ibn Khaldun wrote an account of the Hajj undertaken by this descendent of Sundiata. Under his rule, the empire of Mali reached its height, and Timbuktu became a major cultural and educational center. ANSWER: Mansa Musa</p><p>14. Its second major holder was Edward Seymour, the first Duke of Somerset. FTPE: [10] Name this title, which Somerset took after the death of Henry VIII and the ascendancy of young Edward VI. ANSWER: Lord Protector [10] This last man to hold the title of Lord Protector assumed it in September 1658, and held it until May 1659, when Parliament re-convened and took it away from him. ANSWER: Richard Cromwell [10] Gaining the throne as a boy, he would not live much longer than that, as his Lord Protector, Richard of Gloucester, had him imprisoned in the Tower of London and likely killed. ANSWER: Edward V</p><p>15. Spain had a famous some Restoration periods too. Answer the following about one of them, FTPE: [10] After the brief experiment of the First Republic, this Bourbon son of Isabella II was given the throne in 1874, establishing a constitutional monarchy in its place. ANSWER: Alfonso XII [10] This conservative politician kept alternating his seat as prime minister with Praxades Sagasta until his 1897 assassination. He was the key figure in orchestrating the restoration of Alfonso XII and was the main writer of Spain’s 1876 constitution. ANSWER: Antonio Canovas del Castillo [10] Well before the abdication of Alfonso XIII, Miguel, the father of this Falange founder, led a royally- endorsed military coup and acted as dictator from 1923-1930. ANSWER: Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera</p><p>16. Name these men involved in the power struggle after the death of Alexander the Great, FTPE. [10] He finally put down the ambitious campaigns of Perdiccas and seized the body of Alexander to stake his claim to the empire, though he eventually encouraged the dissolution of the empire and settled for just being King of Egypt. ANSWER: Ptolemy I Soter [10] This man put down the Lamian War, driving Demosthenes to suicide, and became regent of Macedonia after the fall of Perdiccas. He died soon after, being succeeded by his son Cassander. ANSWER: Antipater [10] Though not one of the original Diadochi, he emerged as King of Thrace and joined Seleucus, Cassander, and Ptolemy in an alliance against Antigonus Monopthalamus. ANSWER: Lysimachus</p><p>17. Answer these questions about a military operation, FTPE. [10] Lasting from January 31 to February 24, it saw a series of simultaneous attacks aimed at Kontum, Ban Me Thuot, and Nha Trang, and was code-named TCK-TKN by its planners. ANSWER: Tet Offensive [10] Once the ancient capital of Vietnam, this city was the scene of some of the Tet Offensive’s most brutal fighting. After U.S. forces retook this city, it was discovered that the Viet Cong massacred hundreds of civilians during their occupation. ANSWER: Hue [10] Shortly after the Tet Offensive concluded, the Vietnamese ended their 77 day siege of this U.S. Marine base near the Laotian border. During its siege, it became the most bombed target in military history. ANSWER: Khe San</p><p>18. In his last years, he was a patron of Adolf of Nassau. FTPE: [10] Name this man, whose eponymous 42-line bible was the first major work to use his moveable type. ANSWER: Johann Gutenberg [10] This goldsmith funded Gutenberg’s printing efforts and later won control of his printing equipment in lawsuit. With Peter Schoeffer, he printed the Psalter of 1457 and continued Gutenberg’s printing business. ANSWER: Johann Fust [10] Gutenberg hailed from this city. In 1439, a diet here attempted to pass the second pragmatic sanction of Pope Eugenius IV’s tenure. The namesake sanction would have weakened papal authority in Germany had it been confirmed. ANSWER: Mainz</p><p>19. Answer the following about the delightful career of Timothy Pickering. FTPE: [10] John Hancock coined the name for this group of Federalist partisans based out of a Massachusetts county. Along with Pickering, Theophilus Parsons, Fisher Ames, and George Cabot were its other members of this group, who primarily opposed Jefferson’s Embargo Act. ANSWER: Essex Junto [10] From 1791-1795, Pickering served in this office, which was a cabinet position until agency it oversaw was effectively privatized in 1971. Montgomery Blair memorably held it under Abraham Lincoln. ANSWER: Postmaster General [10] Between his stints as Postmaster General and Secretary of State, Pickering became the second man to hold this cabinet position, doing so briefly in 1795. He was succeeded by James McHenry. ANSWER: Secretary of War</p><p>20. Stuff about the Sassanids, FTPE. [10] While establishing the dynasty, Ardasir I took this city from the Parthians in 224 AD. It would become the capital of the Sassanid Empire. ANSWER: Ctesiphon [10] The namesake of the dynasty, Sassan, was a priest of this Persian religion that worshipped Ahura Mazda and became the Sassanid state religion. ANSWER: Zoroastrianism (do not accept “Zurvanism”) [10] The last two great Sassanid kings shared this name. The first, called “Anushirvan,” or “the Immortal Soul,” was a reformer who signed an “Endless Peace” treaty with Justinian. The second, “The Victorious,” fought numerous wars with the Byzantines despite earlier allying with Emperor Maurice. ANSWER: Khosrow or Khosrau</p>