<p> Ancient Rome Vocabulary</p><p>1. Agriculture – The raising of crops and animals for human use.</p><p>2. Apostle – One of the 12 closest followers of Jesus, chosen by him to help him teach.</p><p>3. Aqueduct – A high, arched structure built to carry water over long distances.</p><p>4. Bishop – A church official who leads a large group of Christians in a particular region.</p><p>5. Christianity – A religion based on the teachings of Jesus, as recorded in the New Testament.</p><p>6. Census – A periodic count of all the people living in a country, city, or other region.</p><p>7. Civil War – An armed conflict between groups within one country.</p><p>8. Consul – One of two elected officials of the Roman Republic who commanded the army and were supreme judges.</p><p>9. Dictator – A ruler who has absolute power.</p><p>10. Eastern Orthodox Christianity – A branch of Christianity that developed in the Byzantine Empire and that did not recognize the pope as its supreme leader.</p><p>11. Elevation – Height above sea level. 12. Gladiator – A Roman athlete, usually a slave, criminal, or prisoner of war, who was forced to fight for the entertainment of the public.</p><p>13. Messiah – A special leader the Jewish people believe will be sent by God to guide them and set up God’s rule on Earth. Christians believe Jesus to be the Messiah.</p><p>14. New Testament – The second part of the Christian Bible, containing descriptions of the life and teachings of Jesus, and of his early followers.</p><p>15. Profile – In geography, a map showing a cross-section of a land surface.</p><p>16. Plebeian – A common farmer, trader, or craftworker in ancient Rome.</p><p>17. Pax Romana – A period of peace for the Roman Empire that began with the rule of Augustus in about 27 B.C. and lasted around 200 years.</p><p>18. Punic Wars – A series of conflicts between Rome and Carthage in the 200s B.C., ending in a victory for Rome.</p><p>19. Pope – The bishop, or church leader, of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church.</p><p>20. Parable – A simple story that contains a message or truth.</p><p>21. Representative – A person who is elected by citizens to speak or to act for them.</p><p>22. Republic – A form of government in which citizens elect representatives to speak or act for them. 23. Roman Catholicism – A branch of Christianity that developed in the Western Roman Empire and that recognized the Pope as its supreme head.</p><p>24. Senate – The lawmaking body and most powerful branch of government in ancient Rome’s Republic.</p><p>25. Tribune – An elected leader of ancient Rome who represented the interests of the plebeians.</p><p>26. Twelve Tables – The earliest written collection of Roman laws, drawn up by patricians about 450 B.C., that became the foundation of Roman law. Ancient Rome - Places </p><p>1. Alps – Europe’s highest mountains, extending in an arc from the Mediterranean coast to the Balkan Peninsula.</p><p>2. Apennine Mountains – A mountain range on the Italian peninsula.</p><p>3. Byzantine Empire - The name by which the eastern half of the Roman Empire became known some time after A.D. 400.</p><p>4. Carthage – An ancient city on the north coast of Africa.</p><p>5. Colosseum – A large stadium in ancient Rome where athletic events took place.</p><p>6. Constantinople - A city established as the new eastern capital of the Roman Empire by the emperor Constantine in A.D. 300, now called Istanbul.</p><p>7. Forum – The city market and meeting place in the center of ancient Rome.</p><p>8. Gaul – An ancient region and Roman province that included most of present-day France.</p><p>9. Latium - A plain on the west coast of Italy on which the city of Rome was built.</p><p>10. Palestine – Region in southwest Asia that became the ancient home of the Jews; the ancient Roman name for Judea; in recent times, the British protectorate that became Israel in 1947. 11. Pantheon - A large, domed temple built in ancient Rome to honor many gods and goddesses.</p><p>12. Pompeii – An ancient city in southwestern Italy that was buried by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in A.D. 79.</p><p>13. Rome – The former center of both ancient Roman Republic and the Roman Empire; capital of present-day Italy.</p><p>14. Sicily – An island in the Mediterranean Sea off the southwest tip of the Italian peninsula.</p><p>15. Tiber River – A river flowing southward from north-central Italy across the Latium plain, and into the Tyrrhenian Sea.</p><p>16. Zama – Site in northern Africa where the Roman army defeated the Carthaginian army in 202 B.C. Ancient Rome - People </p><p>1. Augustus – First Roman emperor; won the civil war following Julius Caesar’s assassination and went on to unify the empire and establish the Pax Romana.</p><p>2. Julius Caesar – Roman general who became the republic’s dictator in 45 B.C.</p><p>3. Cleopatra – Ruler of the Egyptian government in Alexandria who backed Caesar in the civil was he waged from 49-25 B.C.</p><p>4. Christopher Columbus - Italian explorer in the service of Spain who arrived in the Americas in 1492.</p><p>5. Constantine – Roman Emperor who founded Constantinople as the new eastern capital of the Roman Empire.</p><p>6. Diocletian – Roman Emperor who divided the empire in two and oversaw the eastern part.</p><p>7. Galileo Galilei – Italian astronomer, mathematician, and physicist. His telescopes proved the sun is the center of the solar system.</p><p>8. Leonardo Da Vinci – Italian Renaissance artist, inventor, and scientist.</p><p>9. Hannibal – General of Carthage who marched his army from Spain to Rome in the Second Punic War.</p><p>10. Jesus – Religious leader and founder of Christianity. 11. Livy – Historian of the Roman Republic who wrote about the struggle between plebeians and patricians of Rome.</p><p>12. Marco Polo – Italian merchant who traveled to China, where he lived for 17 years, at times serving as diplomat for Kublai Khan.</p><p>13. Paul – Follower of Jesus who helped spread Christianity throughout the Roman world.</p><p>14. Peter – One of the 12 apostles of Jesus; Roman Catholics consider him to be the first pope, or bishop of Rome.</p><p>15. Scipio – Roman general who defeated Hannibal in the Battle of Zama outside Carthage, North Africa, in 202 B.C.</p>