<p> Linguistics 101 HW #3 (Phonology) Due: March 7, 2012</p><p>Name: ______</p><p>Do problems A-D below. A, C and D are based on exercises in Language Files 11, File 3.6. </p><p>A1. List the members of the following natural classes of English sounds.</p><p> i. velar obstruents</p><p> ii. velar sonorants</p><p> iii. alveolar sonorants</p><p> iv. voiceless sibilants</p><p> v. alveolar fricatives</p><p> vi. high lax vowels</p><p>A2. Describe the following natural classes of English sounds. (For the purpose of this exercise, assume that [e] and [o] are in English.)</p><p> i. [ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ]</p><p> ii. [v ð z ʒ]</p><p> iii. [p t k ʔ b d g f θ s ʃ h v ð z ʒ tʃ dʒ]</p><p> iv. [m n ŋ l ɹ ww w j]</p><p> v. [u ʊ o ɔ ɑ]</p><p> vi. [ɪ ʊ]</p><p>1 B. Based on 3.07 in Frommer, Paul & Edward Finegan (2008) Looking at Languages: a Workbook in Elementary Linguistics, 4th edition.</p><p>Examine the distribution of [s] and [z] in Spanish and answer the questions below. Note that [ɲ] is a voiced, palatal nasal. Also note that Spanish contains both a voiced alveolar trill [r] and a voiced alveolar flap [ɾ].</p><p>[mizmo] ‘same’ [loseɾmanos] ‘the brothers’ [este] ‘this’ [lazletɾas] ‘the letters’ [izla] ‘island’ [ezmoɾeno] ‘it’s brown’ [aspiɾas] ‘you seek’ [esamaɾijo] ‘it’s yellow’ [fosko] ‘irritable’ [ezneɣɾo] ‘it’s black’ [lasuɲas] ‘the fingernails’ [espuɾo] ‘it’s clean’ [lozlaβios] ‘the lips’ [dosperos] ‘two dogs’ [lazmanos] ‘the hands’ [dosoɾuɣas] ‘two caterpillars’ [laspelotas] ‘the balls’ [dostapetas] ‘two rugs’ [losaɾkos] ‘the arches’ [dozlutʃas] ‘two fights’ [loskaros] ‘the cars’ [dosizlas] ‘two islands’ [lostamales] ‘the tamales’ [doskesos] ‘two cheeses’ a) Are there any minimal pairs for the sounds [s] and [z]? If yes, list them. </p><p> b) What is the distribution type for the sounds [s] and [z] in Spanish? </p><p> c) In Spanish, are [s] and [z] allophones of the same phoneme, or are they allophones of a different phoneme? </p><p> d) If [s] and [z] are allophones of the same phoneme, what is the phoneme and why? </p><p> e) If [s] and [z] are allophones of the same phoneme, write the rules showing their distribution using the format used in class. </p><p>2 C. Based on File 3.6, #35 (p. 143). </p><p>In the data below from Spanish, you will first examine the distribution of the voiced bilabial fricative [β] compared to [b], and then the distribution of the voiced velar fricative [ɣ] compared to [g]. Answer the questions below.</p><p>[bino] ‘he came’ [uβa] ‘grape’ [siɣlo] ‘century’ [diβino] ‘divine’ [golpe ‘a hit’ [pweβlo ‘village’ ] ] [kaβo] ‘end’ [gato] ‘cat’ [laðɾon] ‘thief’ [suβteraneo] ‘subterranean’ [aɣo] ‘I do’ [kaβɾa] ‘goat’ [bɾotaɾ] ‘to sprout’ [iɣaðo ‘liver’ [loɣɾaɾ] ‘to achieve’ ] [imbjeɾno] ‘winter’ [teŋgo] ‘I have’ [amiɣo] ‘friend’ [leɣal] ‘legal’ a) Are there any minimal pairs for the sounds [β] and [b]? If yes, list them. </p><p> b) What is the distribution type for the sounds [β] and [b] in Spanish? </p><p> c) In Spanish, are [β] and [b] allophones of the same phoneme, or are they allophones of a different phoneme? </p><p> d) If [β] and [b] are allophones of the same phoneme, what is the phoneme and why? </p><p> e) If [β] and [b] are allophones of the same phoneme, write the rules showing their distribution using the format used in class. </p><p>3 f) Are there any minimal pairs for the sounds [ɣ] and [g]? If yes, list them. </p><p> g) What is the distribution type for the sounds [ɣ] and [g] in Spanish? </p><p> h) In Spanish, are [ɣ] and [g] allophones of the same phoneme, or are they allophones of a different phoneme? </p><p> i) If [ɣ] and [g] are allophones of the same phoneme, what is the phoneme and why? </p><p> j) If [ɣ] and [g] are allophones of the same phoneme, write the rules showing their distribution using the format used in class. </p><p>D. Consider the rules you wrote in Ce, Cj, and in class for File 3.6, #28. Combine these rules into two rules by using features rather than specific sounds. Hint 1: your second rule should be the elsewhere rule. Hint 2: If your rules have different conditioning environment, you may need to rethink some of them. Can you simplify any of them and still capture the data?</p><p>4</p>