<p> The Mouth and Pharynx I. Anatomy and Physiology</p><p>A. Papillae – rough elevations on tongue (large vallate papillae on back of tongue)</p><p>B. Hard palate – composed of bone</p><p>C. Soft palate</p><p>D. Anterior tonsillar pillar – anterior portions of arch</p><p>E. Posterior tonsillar pillar – posterior to arch</p><p>F. Tonsils – located in fossae or cavities between anterior and posterior pillars</p><p>G. Uvula – projects downward from middle of soft palate</p><p>H. Throat or pharynx extends from base of skull to esophagus. Has three divisions.</p><p>I. Adenoids</p><p>J. Under surface of tongue</p><p>K. Teeth</p><p> Deciduous (temporary) teeth</p><p> Permanent teeth II. Techniques</p><p>A. Check lips</p><p>1. Color</p><p>2. Lumps, ulcers, cracking, inflammation</p><p>3. Cheilitis – inflammation of lips caused by poor hygiene, overexposure to sun or wind, cosmetics</p><p>4. Cheilosis – red lips with cracks or fissures in corner of mouth. Also called angular stomatitis or angular cheilitis</p><p>B. With good light and tongue blade, inspect buccal mucosa</p><p>C. Check teeth</p><p>D. Check gums – usually pink and firm</p><p> Gingivitis is inflammation of gums. They become red and swollen</p><p>E. Check tongue – normal white coating with pink base through which papillae show (normal finding)</p><p> Good area to detect jaundice</p><p> Dryness, cracking and lack of saliva suggest dehydration</p><p>F. Check palate – tilt head back</p><p> Soft palate – pink with vessels under mucosa</p><p> Hard palate – whiter, irregular</p><p>G. Check oropharynx</p><p>1. Anterior pillars</p><p>2. Tonsils</p><p>3. Posterior pillars</p><p>4. Uvula H. Pharyngitis – sore throat</p><p>1. Causes</p><p> 10% group A beta hemolytic streptococcus. This is very serious because antibodies against these bacteria can destroy heart valves (leading to need for valve replacement) and/or nephrons (leading to renal failure)</p><p> 90% viral or other bacterial etiology </p>