<p> Physics 11 Name:______Date: ______Unit 10 Thermal Energy 10.1 Temperature, Heat and Thermal Energy</p><p>According to the ______, all matter is made up of tiny particles, which are constantly moving. The particles molecules or atoms attract each other to some extent. The particles can move in a number of ways: they can move in straight lines (between collisions); they can rotate;</p><p> and they can vibrate </p><p>What makes something cold or hot? Particles in an object are ______, hence they have ______. An object with faster moving particles has more kinetic energy.______The overall energy (in the motion of the particles) of an object is called the ______</p><p>When thermal energy is transferred from one material to another material, the amount of energy transferred is called ______The way we describe how hot or cold a body is, relative to some well-chosen standard, is to use a number we call the ______</p><p>Temperature: ______. Temperature depends on the ______1.0kg 2.0kg</p><p>If both steel blocks have the same temperature, their average kinetic energy is the same. The 1.0kg block has half the thermal energy as the 2.0kg block… It’s half as massive.</p><p>Measuring temperature (thermometer): On the Celsius scale, this temperature would be approximately ______. This temperature is called ______. On another temperature scale called the ______scale, after British physicist Lord Kelvin (1824-1907), absolute zero is assigned a value of 0 K. On this scale, the unit for temperature is not called a degree, but instead a kelvin (K). Therefore , ______. A Kelvin is the same size as a Celsius degree. This means that a temperature of 0oC would be equal to 273 K. Water boils at 100oC, or 373 K. To</p><p> scientists, the Kelvin scale is useful because ______Celsius: A scale based on water. When water freezes / ice melts, we say it’s 0ºC When water evaporates / water vapour condenses, we say it’s 100ºC How hot can we go? … no one knows… atoms pushing the speed of light??? How cold can we go? … -273.15 ºC</p><p>At -273.15ºC, particles stop moving… there is no kinetic energy. Kelvin: same as Celsius… just shifted. 273.15ºC = 0 K “absolute zero” TK  TC  273.15 Convert 20ºC to K.</p><p>Convert 50K to ºC.</p><p>Changing Temperature</p><p>How do you change the temperature of something? …add energy (heat)? How much? Increasing the temperature of 1.0kg of substance by 1K (or 1ºC) requires a specific amount of energy. How do we know what this amount is?... experimentation.</p><p>Measuring Thermal Energy The amount of thermal energy in an object will depend on several factors.  First, it depends on the ______, of the object.  Second, it depends on the ______, of the object.  Third, it depends on ______in the object. Different materials have different capacities for holding thermal energy. One material that has an exceptionally high capacity for holding thermal energy is water.</p><p>This amount of energy is called the ______.</p><p>______</p><p>Table 12.1 Specific Heat Capacities</p><p>Substance J/kg/Co Substance J/kg/Co water 4200 steam 2100 methyl alcohol 2400 aluminum 920 ethylene glycol* 2200 glass 840 ice 2100 iron 450 kerosene 2100 copper 430 (*antifreeze) lead 130</p><p>Since the specific heat capacity, c, is the amount ______that must be transferred to raise the temperature of one kilogram by one Celsius degree, then ______, where ∆E is the energy transferred, m is the mass of material, and ∆T is the change in temperature. Or, ______</p><p>Eg. Water requires 4180J of energy to raise 1.0kg by 1 Kelvin (or 1 degree Celsius). The amount of energy (heat) lost or gained is given by:</p><p>EH  mCT m = mass of substance (kg) C = heat capacity (J/kg·K) ∆T = change in temperature (K)</p><p>Example 1: A 0.40kg block of iron is heated from 295K to 325K. How much heat had to be transferred?</p><p>Example 2: How much heat must be transferred into 5.0 kg of water to raise its temperature from 20oC up to 97oC?</p><p>Solution: </p><p>Example 3: If 25 kJ of heat is transferred to 50.0 kg of water initially at 20.0°C, what will the final temperature of the water be?</p><p>Solution p.280 #5,6</p>