<p>ENV 260 Exact and Approximate Confidence Intervals for Proportions</p><p>In a population, a certain proportion p have a certain characteristic. To estimate p, a random sample of size n is drawn. The proportion of the sample that have the characteristic is pˆ . We would like to calculate a confidence interval for the population proportion from the sample.</p><p>There is no formula for an exact confidence interval. However computers can now calculate exact confidence intervals. In Minitab, simply use Stat->Basic Statistics->1 Proportion.</p><p>There are a number of formulas for approximate confidence intervals for population proportions. By far the most popular approximation is the Wald estimate. A very good, but less well known, estimate is the Wilson estimate, which is what our book presents. I will present both.</p><p>The Wald estimate gives an approximate confidence interval for a population proportion of</p><p> pˆ(1- p ˆ ) pˆ z* n where pˆ is the sample proportion and z* is NORMINV( This is known as the Wald estimate. For example a 95% confidence interval is</p><p> pˆ(1- p ˆ ) pˆ 1.96 n</p><p>The Wald estimate is sometimes called the normal distribution approximation method.</p><p>A more accurate approximate confidence interval is the Wilson estimate. Define p to be (y+2)/(n+4), where y is the number in the sample that possess the characteristic and n is the sample size. Then</p><p> p(1- p  ) p 1.96 n + 4 is an approximate 95% confidence interval.</p><p>Example.</p><p>In a study of human blood types in nonhuman primates, a sample of 71 orangutans were tested and 14 were found to be blood type B. (Erskine, A. G. and Socha, W. W. (1978) The Principles and Practices of Blood Grouping. St. Louis: Mosby. p. 209.) Construct a 95% confidence interval for the relative frequency of blood type B in the orangutan population.</p><p>Answer.</p><p>The exact confidence interval from Minitab is 11.2% to 30.9%.</p><p>Using the Wald estimate you would get</p><p>14 14(1- 14 ) 1.96 71 71 71 71</p><p>This yields an interval from 10.5% to 29.0%.</p><p>14+ 2 16 Using the Wilson estimate, we first have to calculate p . p = = 21.3% . 71+ 4 75</p><p>The Wilson estimate would be</p><p>16 16(1- 16 ) 1.96 75 75 75 75</p><p>This yields 12.1% to 30.6%. The Wilson estimate is usually a little more accurate. It is not very popular however!</p>