<p> 1</p><p>World Geography Chapter 1, How Geographers Look at the World</p><p>I. Geography Skills Handbook</p><p>A. Globes and Maps 1. From 3-D to 2-D . Cartographer (mapmaker) . Distortion (shape, size, distance, or area) 2. Great Circle Routes . Shortest route follows the curve of the Earth</p><p>B. Projections 1. Planer Projection 2. Cylindrical Projection 3. Conic Projection 4. Common Map Projections a. Winkel Tripel Projection b.Goode’s Interrupted Equal-Area Projection c. Robinson Projection d.Mercator Projection</p><p>C. Determining Location . Grid system . Hemispheres 2</p><p>1. Latitude (parallels) . Measures distance north/south . Equator, tropic of cancer and Capricorn, arctic circle 2. Longitude (meridians) . Measures distance east/west . Prime meridian 0 degrees 3. The Global Grid . Degrees and minutes . Absolute location 4. Northern and Southern Hemispheres . Equator is the dividing line 5. Eastern and Western Hemispheres . Prime meridian and International Date Line</p><p>D. Reading a Map 1. Title (what kind of information is on the map) 2. Scale Bar (relationship between the map and reality) . Representative fraction or words 3. Compass Rose . Cardinal and intermediate directions 4. Cities . Dots (size denotes population) 5. Key or Legend 3</p><p>6. Using Scale a. Small-scale Maps b.Large-scale Maps 7. Absolute and Relative Location . X,Y, and Z values . Where are you in relation to something else?</p><p>E. Physical Maps 1. Water Features (rivers, streams, marshes, lakes, seas, bays, oceans) 2. Landforms (mountains, plains, plateaus, valleys etc.) 3. Relief and Elevation . The distance between the high and low point . Topographic maps</p><p>F. Political Maps 1. Human Made Features . Boundaries, capitals, cities, roads, highways, railroads, etc. 2. Physical Features . Sometimes they show basic physical features 3. Non-subject Areas 4</p><p>. Usually shown in different colors to attract your eye to what is important</p><p>G. Thematic Maps 1. Qualitative Maps . Historical information . Often use symbols, lines, dots 2. Flow-line Maps . Use arrows to show direction of something (oil, migration, trade)</p><p>H. Geographic Information Systems . Computers can handle multiple levels of information</p><p>II. The Geographer’s Craft</p><p>A. The Elements of Geography 1. The World in Spatial Terms . Linkages between people and places . Places are reference points a. Absolute Location b.Relative Location c. Place and Regions . Places have unique human and physical characteristics 5</p><p>. Region is a collection of these unique characteristics which are different from other places . Formal Region (characteristic is present throughout the area . Functional Region (node – the characteristic is strongest at the center) . Perceptual Region (popular feelings define the area) 2. Physical Systems and Human Systems . Branches of Geography (human and physical) 3. Environment and Society . Interaction between the human and physical (Human Ecology) 4. The Uses of Geography . Government (USGS, Census, transportation, NOAA, NASA, etc.) . Business (location analysis, marketing)</p><p>B. Research Methods 1. Direct Observation! 2. Mapping (Cartography) 3. Interviewing (Census) 6</p><p>4. Analyzing Statistics (displaying information graphically- charts, graphs, maps) 5. Using Technology . GIS, GPS, Aerial Photography, Satellite Imagery, Remote Sensing, Google Earth!</p><p>C. Geography and Other Subjects 1. Past Environments and Politics . Environmental history – recreated ecosystems . Political boundaries (school attendance areas representative districts etc. . How does politics impact the environment and vice versa 2. Society and Culture . Understanding cultures and society 3. Economies . Location analysis, marketing, determining the location for businesses</p><p>D. Geography as a Career</p>