<p> AP Period 4 Vocabulary Definitions chattel slavery: ownership of human beings; a system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought as sold like property. indentured servitude: A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians. encomienda A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians. astrolabe an instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets caravelsSlender, long-hulled vessels utilized by Portuguese; highly maneuverable and able to sail against the wind; key to development of Portuguese trade empire in Asia. </p><p>Zheng He An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. mercantilism an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought colonization physical process whereby the colonizer takes over another place, putting its own government in charge and either moving its own people into the place or bringing in indentured outsiders to gain control of the people and the land</p><p>Vodun or voodoo is a New World syncretic faith that combines the animist faiths of West Africa with Christianity- here is a video link with more details about Vodun in Haiti today: </p><p>Cult of Saints Started in Medieval Europe and was used to help convert indigenous Americans. Saints worshiped by Amerindians with particular zeal (like other gods).</p><p>Sikhism The doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam.</p><p>Shakespeare English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616).</p><p>Cervantes Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form (1547-1616)</p><p>Sundiata created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260, source of an oral legend in Western Africa since</p><p>Journey to the West one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. Originally published anonymously in the 1590s during the Ming Dynasty, its authorship has been ascribed to the scholar Wu Cheng'en since the 20th century. a fictionalised account of the mythologized legends around the Buddhist monk Xuánzàng's pilgrimage to India during the Táng dynasty in order to obtain Buddhist religious texts</p><p>Kabuki a type of Japanese drama in which music, dance, and mime are used to present stories- Spanish adaptation of the Inca Mi'ta . All citizens who could work were required to do so for a set number of days out of a year. males at the age of fifteen were required to participate until age of fifty. </p><p>Manchus Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties.</p><p>Creole elites European ancestry, but born in Latin America. couldn't hold the highest gov't positions, but they were educated and powerful as a class. least oppressed out of all of the groups : traveled abroad </p><p>Zamindars a local official in Mongul India who received a plot of farmland for temporary use in return for collecting taxes for the central government</p><p>Daimyo a Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai mestizo person of mixed American Indian and European ancestry mulatto a person of mixed African and European ancestry</p><p>Shiism, Shi'a branch of Islam that regards Ali as the legitimate successor to Mohammed and rejects the first three caliphs</p><p>Ottoman devshirme taking boys from conquered Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers</p><p>Samurai: class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land syncretic Traditions that borrow from both the past and present. (usually religious)</p><p>Protestant Reformation a 16th century movement for religious reform, leading to the founding of Christian churches that rejected the Pope's authority.</p><p>Atlantic System network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people, and cultures around the Atlantic Ocean basin. hacienda Spanish colonists formed large, self-sufficient farming estates known as these. nobility class of people having high birth or rank divine right the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God.</p><p>Chinese examination system a political feature of Chinese empires. Scholar-bureaucrats took state- sponsored exams in order to become government scribes</p><p>Ottoman Empire Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia ca. 1300. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) </p><p>Mughal Empire Muslim state founded by Babur (Timur descendant), which extended over India. prosperity, peace, and little outside threats under Akbar's rule. an example of religious harmony between Muslim and Hindu religions.</p><p>Qing Empire Empire established in China by Manchus who overthrew the Ming Empire in 1644. At various times they also controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan, and Tibet. last emperor out 1911 </p><p>Russian Empire Muscovite princes after the defeat of the Mongols in the late 1400s. In doing so, the princes absolved the authority of local princes. Ivan III Ivan solidified a centralized rule and claimed divine ordination. proclaimed Moscow to be the new capital </p>