<p>Name ______My test is on ______</p><p>Big Business Test Study Guide (USII.2b; 4b,d)</p><p>Big Business and Industrialization (use of machines to do work)</p><p>Life in Industrialized America</p><p> United States is moving from being an agricultural nation to an industrial nation</p><p> a large variety of products available to buy (because of national markets)</p><p> more people leaving farms, moving to city to work in factories</p><p> machines doing more of the work on farms and in the city, improving efficiency</p><p> more job opportunities for unskilled labor in factories</p><p> access to more consumer goods</p><p>Growth and Prosperity Factors (concentrated in cities) – made industries more efficient</p><p> businesses started with raw materials (natural resources) such as coal, iron, wood, or cattle</p><p> natural resources were shipped to factories on the railroad</p><p> in factories or mills, raw materials became finished products to be sold</p><p> more labor was available, so businesses could pay workers less</p><p> assembly lines and cheap labor helped to lower production costs</p><p> lots of capital (financial resources) was needed to start or expand a business</p><p> railroads allowed products to be shipped out to national markets</p><p> advertising tried to get consumers’ interest and expand the market</p><p>Inventions</p><p> Bessemer process – make stronger steel more cheaply than before</p><p> Thomas Edison – improved light bulb, figured out how to use electricity in factories</p><p> Henry Ford – used assembly line to lower production costs for automobiles</p><p> Alexander Graham Bell – developed the telephone to improve communication</p><p>Major Industrial Centers  finished products: meatpacking in Chicago, steel in Pittsburgh, automobiles in Detroit, textiles in New England</p><p> raw materials: cotton from Southeast, beef cattle from Texas, iron ore to steel mills</p><p>“Captains of Industry”</p><p> Rockefeller = oil (Standard Oil), Carnegie = steel (US Steel), Vanderbilt = railroads, J. P. Morgan = banking, Henry Ford = automobiles</p><p> some used vertical integration (Carnegie)– bought other companies so that they would control all the steps in making their products (including natural resources, transportation, factories, and markets)</p><p> some created monopolies (Rockefeller) – companies that controlled most or all of a certain kind of business) by driving competitors out of business and buying other companies; this was unfair to the consumer</p><p>Rise of Big Business: Essential Facts Check </p><p>Part One – Growth Factors (Use the answer bank to fill in each blank.)</p><p>Answer Bank:</p><p> labor capital lower production costs railroads national markets natural resources</p><p> advertising factories</p><p>1. Businesses started with ______such as coal, iron, wood, or cattle.</p><p>2. Natural resources were shipped to factories on the ______. </p><p>3. In ______raw materials became finished products to be sold.</p><p>4. More ______was available, so businesses could pay workers less.</p><p>5. Assembly lines and cheap labor helped to ______.</p><p>6. Lots of ______was needed to start or expand a business.</p><p>7. Railroads allowed products to be shipped out to ______.</p><p>8. ______tried to get consumers’ interest and expand the business’s market.</p><p>Part Two – Captains of Industry (Match each “captain of industry” with his industry.) _____ 9. Andrew Carnegie A. banking or finance</p><p>_____ 10. Henry Ford B. oil</p><p>_____ 11. J.P. Morgan C. steel</p><p>_____ 12. John D. Rockefeller D. automobiles (cars)</p><p>_____ 13. Cornelius Vanderbilt E. railroads</p><p>Part Three – Industrial Centers (Match each city or region with the associated industry.)</p><p>_____ 14. Chicago F. automobiles (cars)</p><p>_____ 15. Detroit G. steel</p><p>_____ 16. New England H. textiles (cloth)</p><p>_____ 17. Pittsburgh I. meat-packing</p>